Control ofAgrotis ypsilon (Hufn.) (Lep., Noctuidae) on some vegetable crops in Egypt using the microbial agentBacillus thuringiensis

The effective threshold rate of application of Dipel 2X was 250g/f. Incorporation of some chemical additives such as calcium sulphate (CaSO₄) or calcium oxide (CaO) significantly potentiated the effectiveness of Dipel 2X on larval population. The addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) to Dipel 2X greatly reduced the larval population and led to a significant increase in the yield of some vegetable crops. Dipel 2X baits at 250g/f were almost as effective as the chemical insecticide Hostathion when used at 1.5l/f in controllingA. ypsilon larvae attacking vegetable crops. Control of the greasy cutwormAgrotis ypsilon population was better achieved when the biological control agent Dipel 2X was used as baits.     

Eruption of the nevado del ruiz volcano, Colombia, on 13 november 1985: tephra fall and lahars

A small Plinian eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia ejected 3.5 x 10(10) kilograms of mixed dacite and andesite tephra on 13 November 1985, with a maximum column height of 31 kilometers above sea level. Small pyroclastic flows and surges, generated during the initial stage of the eruption, caused surface melting of approximately 10% of the volcano's ice cap, leading to meltwater floods. The erosive floods incorporated soils and loose sediments from the volcano's flanks and developed into lahars, which claimed at least 25,000 lives.     

A new design for a seed germinator with 100 independently temperature controlled cells

Design and performance of a 100-cell seed germinator capable of simultaneously generating 100 different diurnal temperature cycles with extremes lying between 0 and 45°C is discussed. Each individual cell is equipped with a separate electronic temperature controller employing a thermistor for temperature sensing. The set temperature for each cell is determined by a precision reference resistor in the controller circuit. Six different reference resistors corresponding to six different temperatures are provided for each cell. The reference resistors are mounted on plug-in modules with one module for each cell. Heating or cooling of the individual cells is provided by thermoelectric heat pumps. Temperature cycling, which approximates a sine function, is achieved by switching the six reference resistors, one at a time, into the controller circuits at appropriate times during a 24h period. Each cell is designed to accept a standard 100 mm Petri dish to contain the seeds. The cells have glass covers to allow entry of light essential for germination of some species. The benefit of using this type of germinator to assess the germination response of Alyssum alyssoides L., Artemisia absinthium L., Euphorbia esula L. and Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., is discussed. Three dimensional germination response surfaces are given for the four species.     

Résistance de Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides aux benzimidazoles et thiophanates chez le blé d'hiver en France1

Depuis 3 ans des souches de Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides résistantes aux benzimidazoles (bénomyl, cabendazime, thiabendazole) et aux thiophanates (thiophanate-méthyl) sont décelées sur blé d'hiver en France. La résistance croisée positive entre ces fongicides ainsi que la résistance croisée négative vis-à-vis de phényl-carbamates (ex. barbane) sont des caractéristiques générales. Les niveaux de résistance peuvent étre variables avec cependant prédominance de deux catégories de souches résistantes (dont les niveaux de résistance respectifs vis-à-vis du thiabendazole sont voisins de 10 et de 100). En outre, des expérimentations en conditions contrôlées indiquent que la résistance n'affecte ni l'agressivité ni la compétitivité de P. herpotrichoides. Pour pouvoir suivre l'évolution des fréquences des souches résistantes aux benzimidazoles dans la nature, diverses méthodes ont ét expérimentées; celle qui est actuellement retenue et développéc dans les laboratoires de l'INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), du Service de la Protection des Végétaux, de l'ITCF (Institut Technique des Céréales et des Fourrages) et de certaines firmes est basée sur l'étude de l'effet du carbendazime sur des implants mycliens. Chaque analyse porte sur 10 à 30 isolats par parcelle. Malgré un nombre élevé d'analyses il est difficile d'avoir une cartographie exacte de la répartition des souches résistantes; il est toutefois clair que les fréquences des souches résistantes sont les plus élevées dans les zones d'utilisation intensive des benzimidazoles (Nord et Bassin parisien) qui peuvent devenir inefficaces. Actuellement, le seul fongicide susceptible de remplacer ces benzimidazoles est un inhibiteur des strols: le prochloraz. Au champ il possède une activitééquivalcnte en l'abscnce ou en présence de souches résistantes aux benzimidazoles et les sondages réalisés jusqu'à maintcnant n'indiquent aucune résistance vis-à-vis de ce fongicide.     

Buffer capacity and lead retention in some clay materials

The link between buffer capacity and the ability of clays to retain Pb in interactions between Pb contaminant leachate and the clays, has been studied, using a natural clay from Quebec and laboratory-prepared clays (kaolinite, illite, and smectite). The retention of Pb in the clay suspensions as they received increasing amounts of acid was investigated, and the results examined in terms of the buffer capacity of the clays. As the clays receive increasing amounts of acid (e.g. akin to addition of acid leachate), high amounts of Pb can be retained if the buffer capacity prevents the pH from dropping to values where precipitation mechanisms are not operative. The high carbonate content in the illite gave it a higher buffer capacity than the smectite and natural clay, and permitted it to retain high amounts of Ph. High Pb uptake by the clays can affect the buffer capacity and the Pb retention capacity.     

Examination and control of lameness in dairy herds

Extract

Lameness is a significant problem in dairy herds in New Zealand. It affects production and causes cows to lose weight. If antibiotics are used, milk has to be withheld from the vat. Cows may go into extended anoestrus and some which fail to conceive have to be culled. Even in its mildest form lameness is an inconvenience to the normal management of the herd.     

Mechanical properties and water-vapor permeability of soy-protein films affected by calcium salts and glucono-delta-lactone

Edible films were prepared from solutions of soy protein with calcium salts and glucono-delta-lactone (GDL). Calcium salts cross-linking interactions with soy-protein isolate (SPI) could result in the formation of films with rigid three-dimensional structure. GDL contributed to the formation of a homogeneous film structure due to increased protein--solvent attraction. Tensile strength (TS) of calcium sulfate treated SPI film (8.6 MPa) was higher than the TS of calcium chloride treated SPI films (6.4 MPa) and the control SPI film (5.5 MPa). Puncture strength (PS) of calcium sulfate treated SPI film (9.8 MPa) was higher than the PS of calcium chloride treated SPI films (8.5 MPa) and the control SPI film (5.9 MPa). SPI film formulated with GDL had larger elongation at break (39.4%) than that of SPI control film (18.2%). Calcium salts and GDL-treated SPI films had lower water-vapor permeability than the SPI control film.     

Picosecond coherent optical manipulation of a single electron spin in a quantum dot

Most schemes for quantum information processing require fast single-qubit operations. For spin-based qubits, this involves performing arbitrary coherent rotations of the spin state on time scales much faster than the spin coherence time. By applying off-resonant, picosecond-scale optical pulses, we demonstrated the coherent rotation of a single electron spin through arbitrary angles up to pi radians. We directly observed this spin manipulation using time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy and found that the results are well described by a model that includes the electronnuclear spin interaction. Measurements of the spin rotation as a function of laser detuning and intensity confirmed that the optical Stark effect is the operative mechanism.