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51.
Genetically determined sex-reversal in 46,XY humans 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
J German J L Simpson R S Chaganti R L Summitt L B Reid I R Merkatz 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,202(4363):53-56
Evidence is presented for the existence of a gene, probably on the X chromosome, which prevents testis differentiation when present in 46,XY human embryos. Affected 46,XY women are not completely normal because of premature ovarian involution, as a result of which they have "streak gonads" similiar to those of 45,X women. 相似文献
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Ecology. The value of nature and the nature of value 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Daily GC Söderqvist T Aniyar S Arrow K Dasgupta P Ehrlich PR Folke C Jansson A Jansson B Kautsky N Levin S Lubchenco J Mäler KG Simpson D Starrett D Tilman D Walker B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5478):395-396
Ecosystems are capital assets: When properly managed, they yield a flow of vital goods and services. Relative to other forms of capital, however, ecosystems are poorly understood, scarcely monitored, and--in many important cases--undergoing rapid degradation. The process of economic valuation could greatly improve stewardship. This potential is now being realized with innovative financial instruments and institutional arrangements. 相似文献
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Bennett AD McKnight GE Dodkin SJ Simpson KE Schwartz AM Gunn-Moore DA 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2011,13(2):152-154
Measuring urine specific gravity (USG) is an important component of urine analysis as it evaluates renal concentrating capability. The objective of this study was to quantify the difference in USG values between a hand-held optical analogue refractometer and a cat-specific digital instrument. Urine samples from 55 cats were assessed. There was a statistically significant difference between these two refractometers (P<0.001), with the optical refractometer (mean USG=1.031) consistently reading higher than the digital refractometer (mean USG=1.027). Results for a random subset of the samples (n=10) were compared with urine osmolality and both the optical and digital instruments demonstrated excellent correlation. While an accurate USG reading is important, it is unlikely that the statistical significance between the two instruments is clinically significant and, therefore, unlikely to result in a change in patient evaluation or treatment plans. While both the digital and optimal refractometers are highly correlated to the urine osmolality, making both devices valid for assessment of USG in clinical practice, this digital device is easier to read and eliminates the variability of subjective interpretation. 相似文献
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Modelling and Mapping Ozone Deposition in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
L. D. Emberson M.R. Ashmore D. Simpson J.-P. Tuovinen H.M. Cambridge 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):577-582
A new dry deposition module has been developed for European-scale mapping and modelling of ozone deposition fluxes (Emberson et al., 2000a,b). The module is being implemented in the photochemical long-range transport model of EMEP that is currently used to estimate exceedance of the existing critical levels for ozone within the UN ECE LRTAP programme. The deposition model evaluates the atmospheric, boundary layer and surface resistances to ozone transfer with the calculation of the dry deposition velocity performed according to a standard resistance formulation. The approach differs from other existing methods through the use of a detailed stomatal uptake model that describes stomatal conductance as a function of plant species, phenology and four environmental variables (air temperature, solar radiation, water vapour pressure deficit and soil moisture deficit). Comparison of preliminary model outputs for selected land-cover types indicate that the model is capable of predicting the seasonal and diurnal range in deposition velocities that have been reported previously in the literature. The application of this deposition scheme enables calculations of ambient ozone concentrations to be made using a biologically based method that can distinguish stomatal and non-stomatal components of total ozone deposition. The ability to estimate stomatal ozone fluxes (according to vegetation type, phenology and spatial location) that are consistent with evaluations of atmospheric ozone concentrations will be helpful in future assessments of ozone impacts to vegetation. 相似文献
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Steven W. Effler James M. McCarthy Karl W. Simpson F. Joseph Unangst GAry C. Schafran William D. Schecher Peter Jaran Hsi-Sheng A. Shu Magdy T. Khalil 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1984,21(1-4):335-350
The occurrence and characteristics of chemically-based density stratification in portions of the Seneca and Oswego Rivers, downstream of ion-polluted Onondaga Lake, are described for seven different days in the summer and fall of 1978 and 1981, which covered a wide range of river flows. The results indicate that chemically-based density stratification occurs routinely in the Seneca River downstream of the lake inflow, in response to a continuous chemically-based density difference between the two systems of 0.0015 to 0.0030 g cm?3. The persistence of the phenomenon, and therefore the longitudinal range over which the river stratification occurred, was dependent on the velocity of river flow and the magnitude of the density gradient that bordered the upper river water and the lower released lake water. During the low flows common to summer the stratification extended approximately 14 km downstream to a dam, and 3 km upstream, of the lake outlet — river junction. Vertical mixing between the stratified layers increased as the flow in the Seneca River increased, and as the vertical density gradient decreased. A dimensionless group, $$\frac{D}{{V\left( {\frac{\rho }{{\Delta _\rho /\Delta _z }}} \right)}}$$ where: D = apparent vertical diffusion (m2 hr?1), V = average velocity of the overlying river flow (m hr?1 ), p = density at the interface between the stratified layers (g cm?3), and Ap/Az = density gradient between the stratified layers (g cm?3 m?1), was found to be constant for summer low flow conditions for a 6.5 km length of the Seneca River, thus quantifying the interaction between vertical mixing and the included influences for that portion of the river. The occurrence of chemical stratification in the river had dramatic implications on the corresponding distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO). The isolation of the organically enriched lake water in the lower layer enhanced the depletion of DO there, which resulted in the development of substantial (> 4.0 mg 1?1 ) DO stratification downstream of the discharge from the lake during summer low flow periods. 相似文献