有机无机肥配施对冬小麦耗水特性和干物质生产的影响

为探讨黄淮海地区冬小麦水肥高效利用的合理施肥方式,于2013—2015年冬小麦生长季进行田间试验,以石麦15(SM15)为试验材料,以长期定位试验的大型水肥渗漏研究设施为平台,设计单施尿素(U)、单施有机肥(M)、尿素和有机肥(腐熟的牛粪)1∶1配施(U+M)3个施肥处理,以不施氮肥(CK)为对照,研究了有机无机肥配施对冬小麦耗水特性和干物质生产的影响。结果表明:U+M处理下冬小麦总耗水量最高,达548.46~556.72 mm,各生育阶段中,开花至成熟期的耗水量最高,该阶段耗水模系数达33.55%~42.38%,有利于满足小麦灌浆期对水分的需求;U+M处理能够增强土壤的持水能力,增加冬小麦对土壤贮水特别是深层贮水的消耗,降低了淋洗损失,整个生育期内U+M处理的水分淋洗体积最低,比CK、U和M处理分别降低66.79%,52.45%和37.61%,土壤贮水向灌浆阶段分配较多,增加了土壤贮水对籽粒产量的贡献率。U+M处理在两个生长季均获得最高干物质积累量,较U和M处理分别提高11.93%和23.33%,并且其籽粒干物质积累量和籽粒在植株干物质中的分配比例均显著高于其他处理。籽粒产量以U+M处理最高,U+M、U和M处理的籽粒产量分别较CK处理增产65.96%,49.44%和46.59%,U+M处理的产量水分利用效率和干物质水分利用效率均显著高于其他施肥处理。综上所述,在本试验条件下,化肥和有机肥(牛粪)1∶1配施能显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量和干物质积累量,改善冬小麦耗水特性,增加作物耗水量,且显著降低水分淋洗损失,增加灌浆阶段的水分供应,提高冬小麦的水分利用效率,是黄淮海地区小麦/玉米轮作体系下较为合理的施肥方式。     

秦川牛血红素提取工艺的研究

以秦川牛血为原料提取血红素,选择影响提取的主要因素——氯仿加入量、酸性丙酮加入量、pH分别作为单因素进行梯度试验,确定其合适范围,进一步通过正交试验选取最佳提取条件.结果表明,提取血红素的最佳工艺为氯仿加入量为血溶体积的5倍,酸性丙酮加入量为血球蛋白滤波的5倍,调节pH4～5.     

深县猪mtDNA CytB基因的遗传多样性与母系起源研究

 研究过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体α (PPARα) 基因第7外显子SNP位点与牛的部分胴体、肉质性状的相关性。以6个牛品种(秦川牛、南阳牛、郏县红牛、鲁西牛、安格斯、夏南牛) 共计717个个体为研究对象,采用PCR SSCP结合DNA测序方法对PPARα基因第7外显子进行SNP检测,并该SNP位点与108头秦川牛的部分胴体、肉质性状的相关性进行分析。结果发现在PPARα基因第7外显子的184位检测到C→T突变,在南阳牛、秦川牛、郏县红牛、安格斯、鲁西牛、夏南牛这6个群体中等位基因E/F的频率分别是0.225/0.775,0.151/0.849,0.125/0.875,0.123/0.877,0.070/0.930, 0.157/0.783;遗传学指标结果显示：秦川牛、郏县红牛、安格斯、鲁西牛和夏南牛这5个群体属于低度多态(PIC<0.25),南阳牛为中度多态（PIC=0.288）;相关分析结果显示：该位点与秦川牛的背膘厚和胴体长两个性状显著相关,表现为FF基因型个体在背膘厚性状方面显著高于EE和EF基因型个体(P<0.05),FF基因型个体的胴体长显著高于EE基因型个体(P<0.05)。这一位点可能是影响牛背膘厚和胴体长的主效QTN或与之紧密连锁,可做为肉牛选育的候选分子标记。     

高产麦田群体结构与光合作用的关系

研究表明，高产麦田小麦单株分蘖数与单株、单蘖的光合速率呈正相关；单位上地面积上的群体分蘖数与单蘖光合速率呈负相关；基本苗少的处理单位叶面积指数的光合速率高于基本苗多的处理；拔节前群体分楼群体分蘖数与群体光合速率呈正相关，开花后呈负相关。适当减少基本苗，控制群体分蘖，依靠增加单株分蘖数实现合理群体指标，可有效地提高个体光合能力，增强开花后的群体光合能力，从而获得高产。     

Environmental and spatial effects on the distribution of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) as inferred from data for longline fisheries in the Pacific Ocean

Blue marlin is distributed throughout tropical and temperate waters in the Pacific Ocean. However, the preference of this species for particular habitats may impact its vulnerability to being caught. The relationship between spatio‐temporal patterns of blue marlin abundance and environmental factors is examined using generalized additive models fitted to catch and effort data from longline fisheries. The presence of blue marlin, and the catch rate given presence, are modeled separately. Latitude, longitude, and sea‐surface temperature explain the greatest proportion of the deviance. Spatial distributions of relative density of blue marlin, based on combining the probability of presence and relative density given presence, indicate that there is seasonal variation in the distribution of blue marlin, and that the highest densities occur in the tropics. Seasonal patterns in the relative density of blue marlin appear to be related to shifts in SST. The distribution and relative abundance of blue marlin are sufficiently heterogeneous in space and time that the results of analyses of catch and effort data to identify ‘hotspots’ could be used as the basis for time‐area management to reduce the amount of blue marlin bycaught in longline fisheries.     

甘蔗独脚金内酯生物合成基因ScCCD8的克隆与表达分析

【目的】克隆甘蔗的ScCCD8,分析其序列特征并预测其功能,研究在甘蔗不同组织部位、不同胁迫处理条件以及不同生长时间点ScCCD8的表达情况,为该基因在甘蔗基因工程育种中的应用提供理论支撑。【方法】以NCBI中检索的甘蔗CCD8同源片段EST序列为模板设计引物,扩增甘蔗CCD8的片段,采用RACE和RT-PCR技术分别从甘蔗品种新台糖22号中克隆CCD8的5′、3′目的片段和全长cDNA序列,以生物信息学方法对序列进行预测分析,利用qRT-PCR方法分析CCD8在不同组织、不同逆境胁迫条件下和不同生长时间点的表达特性。【结果】克隆获得甘蔗CCD8,命名为ScCCD8,GenBank登录号为KP742973.1。该cDNA全长2 016 bp,含有1个1 623 bp的完整开放阅读框（ORF）,编码540个氨基酸,编码的蛋白质分子量为59.534 kD。生物信息学分析表明ScCCD8编码的蛋白是定位于叶绿体上的非分泌性蛋白,不是典型的跨膜蛋白,没有信号肽位点。存在着多个糖基化位点和磷酸化位点等活性位点。序列分析表明,ScCCD8与其他植物的CCD8蛋白有很高的相似性。系统进化树分析显示,甘蔗ScCCD8与高粱的CCD8蛋白亲缘关系较近。实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）分析表明,ScCCD8的表达具有组织特异性,在根中的表达量最高,是老叶中表达量的18倍。其在模拟重度干旱胁迫（20% PEG）、盐胁迫（200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）、磷缺乏（1/8 mmol·L^-1）和营养缺乏(纯水培养)4种胁迫处理下,茎尖中的ScCCD8均被诱导表达,且在处理24 h以后,ScCCD8的表达量增加较为明显。在不同生长时期,ScCCD8在甘蔗不同生长时期的茎尖中均有表达,且在幼苗期的表达量高于萌芽期和分蘖期。【结论】从甘蔗品种ROC22中克隆获得的甘蔗独脚金内酯生物合成关键基因ScCCD8是CCD8基因家族成员,推测ScCCD8可能与甘蔗SLs响应逆境胁迫有关。     

Effects of Glutamic Acid Residue on Growth and Blood Biochemical Indexes of Qinchuan Beef Cattle

The aim of the study was to research the effects of glutamic acid residue on growth and blood biochemical indexes of Qinchuan beef cattle. 12 bulls of 18-month-age,12 cows of 18-month-age and 12 bullocks of 8-month-age were selected and randomly allocated to 4 groups with 9 cattle per group (including 3 bulls,3 cows and 3 bullocks) in a single factor randomized block design.The control group and groupⅠ,Ⅱand Ⅲ were used 0,1.5%,3.0%,4.5% glutamic acid residue to replace part of soybean meal of diets. Feeding trial lasted for 100 d.Intake and body weight were measured at each stage during trial periord.At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected to detect blood biochemical indexes.The results showed as follows:The average daily gain(ADG) of cattle in group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05),and the value of group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ and Ⅲ (P<0.05). The dry matter intake (DMI) of cattle in group Ⅱand Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). The feed/gain ratio (F/G) in group Ⅱwas significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05).As for the blood biochemical indexes, the contents of alkaline phosphatase of control group, groupⅠand Ⅱwere significantly higher than that of group Ⅲ (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences for other biochemical indexes (P>0.05). The correlation between the average daily gain and the blood content of alkaline phosphatase was extremely significant (P<0.01). In conclusion,it could improve feed intake, daily gain (increased by 22.62%) and decrease the F/G (decreased by 10.85%) by using 3.0% glutamic acid residue replacing part of soybean meal in diets for Qinchuan beef cattle. Adding appropriate glutamic acid residue (1.5% to 3.0%)in diet could increase the level of blood alkaline phosphatase,which should be an important index to reflect the growth of Qinchuan beef cattle.     

全球尺度上土壤15N自然丰度空间变化的影响因素

研究土壤15N自然丰度（δ15N）空间变化及其影响因素对深化土壤氮素循环的过程与机理具有重要意义。但目前的研究多聚焦于区域尺度，对全球尺度土壤δ15N时空分异的探索存在不足。本文采用全球812个样点处的土壤δ15N值与土壤含水量、气象和土壤因子数据，构建各因子与土壤δ15N值的相关关系，并结合结构方程模型揭示其空间变化影响机制。结果表明，土壤含水量、气象和土壤因子与土壤δ15N值呈显著相关（p<0.01）；相较于均值，气象的时间变化特征因子（平均气温日较差和降雨季节变率）与土壤δ15N值和土壤含水量的相关程度更高。土壤因子对土壤δ15N值的总效应最高（-0.41）；气象和土壤因子可通过土壤含水量间接影响土壤δ15N值。当排除气象和土壤的影响后，土壤含水量对土壤δ15N值的效应为正。研究对于揭示气象、土壤和水文等因子对氮素循环的影响机制具有一定的借鉴意义。     

酸化处理防止玉米青贮饲料二次发酵效果试验

通过对不同玉米青贮饲料(扶风、岐山、五泉、夹道)样进行酸化处理,研究了酸化处理在防止青贮饲料二次发酵过程中的效果.结果表明,青贮后的玉米pH值与营养成分呈负相关,而酸香味、绿色程度与营养成分呈正相关.二次发酵后,各青贮饲料pH值升高,营养成分(CP、CF、NFE)下降.酸化处理可以显著延长青贮饲料二次发酵所需时间,差异显著(P＜0.05),酸化剂最佳添加量为每250 g青贮饲料中3 mL.