Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.     

柑桔黄龙病三种媒介昆虫的研究进展

柑桔木虱是传播世界毁灭性病害柑桔黄龙病的唯一虫媒,因此,科学合理防治柑桔木虱是治理柑桔黄龙病的关键措施之一。本文系统概述了柑桔上3种木虱的生物学特性、发生和扩散规律、与柑桔黄龙病的互作及传毒机制等方面的研究进展,以期为柑桔木虱的合理防治提供参考,为柑桔黄龙病的综合治理提供理论依据和借鉴。     

不同土壤条件下施用硝化抑制剂DMPG对葡萄生长和品质的影响

为探究在不同土壤条件下新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPG)对鲜食葡萄生长的影响,以西昌克伦生和秦皇岛玫瑰香2个葡萄品种为研究对象,在田间试验条件下采用多点试验方法,研究DMPG对土壤养分、葡萄生长性状和品质的影响。结果表明：配施0.35%DMPG对土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均有显著影响,较CK处理土壤NH₄⁺-N含量增加17.58%～26.06%,NO₃^--N含量降低11.72%～27.42%;但对土壤pH、有效磷和速效钾无明显影响。DMPG处理对克伦生和玫瑰香叶绿素含量、叶面积和叶片厚度均有促进作用,与CK相比,克伦生和玫瑰香叶面积平均分别增加11.32%和9.85%,叶片厚度平均分别增加9.05%和16.22%。同时,DMPG处理可提高葡萄果实纵横径、百粒重和可溶性固形物含量,西昌克伦生3个试验点果实纵径、横径分别显著增加7.2%～11.04%、7.10%～9.82%,百粒重平均提高29.14%,而秦皇岛玫瑰香效果不显著。因此,在葡萄种植中施用DMPG能够调控土壤氮素养分,改善土壤肥力...     

木耳菌渣稻苗基质化利用难点及解决技术

为有效转化利用废弃木耳菌渣,解决木耳菌渣稻苗基质化利用过程中出现的稻苗黄化现象问题,通过分析木耳菌渣理化性质及对水稻种子采取硫酸亚铁溶液浸种处理的方法,进行木耳菌渣稻苗基质化利用研究。结果表明:1)虽然腐熟菌渣的有机质含量、保水性及速效养分等特性有利于做水稻育苗基质,但盐分浓度较高、偏碱性、密度较小不适宜单一菌渣做育苗基质;2)单一菌渣基质培育稻苗,会出现黄化现象,原因在于单一菌渣基质有效铁含量偏低,造成了叶片含铁量少;3)硫酸亚铁浸种处理可以控制稻苗黄化现象,但会诱导植株株高伸长;4)0.014mol/L硫酸亚铁与0.051mmol/L多效唑混合浸种液在20℃下浸种处理3d,能够有效控制稻苗黄化现象和植株的徒长。同体积的腐熟菌渣和稻田土混合配制成的育苗基质,稻种采用硫酸亚铁溶液与多效唑溶液混合浸种处理的方法,能够育出壮实的大龄机插秧苗。     

杨凌城市生活垃圾中重金属元素的污染特性分析

采用异地取样和理化分析的方法对杨凌城区生活垃圾中重金属元素的含量、浸出毒性进行了测定。通过污染负荷评价得到主要污染元素,并在调查的基础上对重金属来源进行了分析,提出了重金属污染的防治对策。结果表明,垃圾中塑料含量以学生生活区最高,高达41.47%;可腐有机物含量西农学生生活区最高,达到32%～46%,化安生活区最低,只有5.076%;筛下混合物西农学生生活区较低,在20%左右,其他各采样点在37.91%～69.30%。同一采样点的不同重金属元素的含量,表现为Zn的含量最高,变化范围为76.63～704mg·kg-1,其次是Cu和Cr,变化范围分别是7.26～226.7mg·kg-1和13.24～90.21mg·kg-1,As的含量最低,变化范围在0.49～18.52mg·kg-1。生活垃圾因产生主体不同而使污染元素的可浸出态含量差别较大,但不具有浸出毒性危险。杨凌城市生活垃圾中As的污染负荷远远高于Zn和Cu。     

论信息文化与大学校园文化的重组

在对信息文化进行分析的基础上,分析了信息文化与大学校园文化重组的重要性,并从物质形态和精神形态两个方面阐述信息文化对大学校园文化所造成的冲击,最后从物质文化、精神观念、行为方式、制度规范这四个层面探讨信息文化与大学校园文化的重组.     

山核桃叶片提取物的抑菌作用

研究了山核桃Carya cathayensis叶片提取物对几种常见菌种的抑制作用。采用滤纸片法,检测不同浓度山核桃叶片乙醇和水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus,大肠杆菌Escherichia coli,酵母菌Saccharomyces cerevisiae,黑曲霉菌Aspergillus niger,黄曲霉菌Aspergillus flavus和青霉菌Penicillium sp.的抑制效果。结果表明,培养12 h,乙醇提取物对5个供试菌种表现出显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),其效果优于水提取物。培养24 h,乙醇提取物和水提取物对黄曲霉菌的抑制作用明显(P<0.05),而对金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母菌的抑制作用较12 h前有所降低。培养36 h,乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母菌仍保持一定的抑制作用。表2参9     

猕猴桃溃疡病防治研究

对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病防治方法进行研究,结果表明,冬末春初“划道”控制,病斑,夏委彻底刮除治疗病斑,疗效达80％－90％,DTMz等为此病防治的首选药物。     

乌鳢腹水病病原的分离和鉴定

为了解乌鳢腹水病的发病原因,对患病鱼肝脏、肾脏、腹水进行了细菌分离和鉴定,并用分离菌株进行人工感染试验和药物体外抑菌试验,结果从病鱼体现人分离到形态和生理生化特性完全一致的６株菌,人工感洒试验证实均为腹水病原菌,经细菌学鉴定为费氏枸橼酸杆菌,体外抑菌试验表明,病原菌对环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、复方新诺明、卡那霉素高度敏感,可作为防治该病的首选药,研究证明,乌鳢腹水病的病原为费氏枸橼酸杆