姑婆山国家森林公园景观格局变化分析

根据姑婆山国家森林公园1999年和2009年森林调查资料,在ArcGIS和Fragstas 3.3的支持下对姑婆山国家森林公园景观格局动态变化进行研究。结果表明：研究期间,研究区主要景观类型没有变化,阔叶树、灌木林、杉木林3种主要景观类型面积占总面积的比例由80.44%提高到94.51%;景观基质均为阔叶林,占总面积比例由63.63%提高到75.82%;总斑块数量由301块下降到174块;平均形状指数呈下降趋势;多样指数由1.233下降到0.862;优势度指数则由0.846升高至1.217。总体表现为针叶林向针阔混交林,进而向阔叶林演替,景观趋向连续和稳定。     

重点生态功能区生态系统服务价值变化及预测

[目的]对重点生态功能区(都江堰市)生态系统服务价值功能特征和变化趋势进行分析和预测,为该区域环境保护与合理城市开发目标的制定提供科学依据。[方法]以都江堰市1995,2007,2014年3期Landsat遥感影像解译的土地覆被数据为基础,使用Costanza的生态系统服务价值计算方法,谢高地2002版价值当量,经当量修正,敏感度指数检验后,评估都江堰市19a间生态系统服务价值及其变化。运用灰色GM(1,1)模型预测其变化趋势。[结果](1)研究区土地覆被类型以森林、农田为主(共80%以上)。1995—2014年研究区土地覆被变化较大,生态用地减少。(2)1995—2014年研究区生态系统服务价值下降629.46万元。森林是研究区生态服务价值最大的系统(占83%以上),其次为农田、水体、草甸、未利用地。水源涵养、废气处理是都江堰市最突出的两项生态服务(共56%以上)。(3)利用灰色GM(1,1)模型预测了研究区2021—2035年土地覆被面积,结合精度检验预测此阶段生态系统服务价值将增加136.6万元,年均增长0.17%。[结论]区域生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因是以交通为代表的建设用地增加,导致生态服务价值系数较高的生态用地减少,而增加森林、水体等有较高生态价值的土地覆被类型是维持与提高区域生态功能的有效措施。     

Genetic characteristics of Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolated from cage cultured cobia,Rachycentron canadum (L.)

Disease outbreaks occurred during 2007–2013 in Taiwan with 2.5–10% mortality among the cage cultured cobia, Rachycentron canadum (L.), characterized by the presence of polyserositis, pericarditis and peritonitis. The micro‐organisms isolated from internal organs were Gram‐positive cocci. The isolates were confirmed as Streptococcus dysgalactiae by a polymerase chain reaction assay that yielded the expected specific 259 bp amplicon. Additionally, partial sequence of the 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of the GCS strain isolates from fish was also compared and produced 100% sequence identity with S. dysgalactiae (GenBank accession number AB252398 ). The genetic characterization was then determined by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Based on PFGE, the Apa I or Sma I digestion patterns of chromosomal DNA of these isolates were grouped into three main clusters. Taiwanese strains were divided into two clusters, and the tet(M) gene was detected in cluster 1 (pulsotypes: A1–A2 and S1–S3), but not in cluster 2 strains (pulsotypes: A3–A4 and S4–S5). Three Japanese strains from amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso), were grouped into cluster 3 (pulsotypes: A5–A7 and S6–S8) and displayed no mortality to cobia in the challenge experiment. Conversely, Taiwanese strains from cobia and snubnose pompano, Trachinotus blochii (L.), displayed a mortality rate of 50–87.5% in cobia.     

不同渗灌覆膜方式对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响

为探讨小麦节水高产栽培技术,以济麦20和鲁麦21号为材料,在露天不封底瓷管和防雨棚封底瓷管两种栽培条件下,研究不同渗灌覆膜处理对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响.结果表明,渗灌和地膜覆盖均可显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,但提高幅度因品种和渗灌深度不同而异.在露天条件下,较之地表灌溉不覆膜,20 cm渗灌加地膜覆盖处理可使籽粒产量提高13.67%～11.18%、水分利用效率提高14.59%～12.08%;在防雨棚条件下,籽粒产量提高20.16%,水分利用效率提高22.57%,40 cm渗灌籽粒产量略高于20 cm渗灌,但差异不显著.露天栽培条件下不同处理平均水分利用效率高达2.6063 kg·m-3 ·m-2,而防雨棚条件下仅为1.3482 kg·m-3 ·m-2,相对提高93.31%,籽粒产量提高102.90%,生物产量提高77.41%,收获指数提高13.99%,而总耗水量仅增加22.48 mm.试验结果说明深层土壤水对产量和水分利用效率具有重要作用,在不同试验条件下的研究结果具有较大差异.     

Short and long‐term distribution with depth of soil organic carbon and nutrients under traditional and conservation tillage in a Mediterranean environment (southwest Spain)

The impacts of tillage and cropping sequences on soil organic matter and nutrients have been frequently reported to affect the uppermost soil layers, but there is little published information concerning effects at greater depth. This article reports results on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), active carbon (AC), N, Olsen‐P and extractable K within 100 cm in short (4 yr) and long (16 yr) term experiments under different tillage systems. Short (TT₄) and long (TT₁₆) traditional tillage are compared with conservation tillage, reduced (RT₁₆) and non‐tillage (NT₄). The results show more accumulation of SOC in the near‐surface under RT₁₆ and NT₄ in both experiments compared with traditional tillage. Moreover, greater C content occurs to 40 cm depth in the long‐term experiment. The results demonstrate the importance of time on C accumulation, not only in near‐surface layers but also at greater depths. Active C is an indicator of the increase in soil quality in the long‐term experiment. This trend is only apparent for the first 10 cm in the short‐term experiment. Patterns in N, Olsen‐P and extractable K are similar to that of SOC. However, only extractable K is significantly greater in soil under conservation tillage (RT₁₆ and NT₄) after short and long periods. Potassium availability is a good indicator of the changes caused by tillage. Our results indicate that studies of soils at depth could be very useful in long‐term experiments to demonstrate the effect of conservation tillage on C and nutrient distribution.     

Physico‐chemical characterization of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes and their potential application to the manufacture of new types of phosphate‐based fertilizers

The aim of this review is to describe the main physicochemical characteristics of diverse types of humic‐metal‐phosphate acid complexes. The effects of these complexes on phosphorus (P) fixation in soils with different pH values and physicochemical features and on plant phosphorus uptake are also discussed. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes have apparent stability constants in the same range as those of metal‐humic complexes, in solutions with diverse pH and ionic‐strength values. Likewise, the molecular‐size distribution of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes as a function of pH is similar to that of potassium or sodium humates and metal‐humic complexes. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes are able to decrease phosphate fixation in soils and increase plant growth and phosphate uptake. Phosphorus fertilizers containing humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes proved to be efficient to improve plant growth and P uptake with respect to conventional fertilizers such as single superphosphate. The values of parameters related to plant phosphorus‐utilization efficiency (PUt E) suggest that the regulation of root acquisition of phosphate from these complexes could involve the interregulation of a system for the optimization of metabolic P utilization in the shoot and another system involving stress responses of roots under phosphorus deficiency.     

一株绿僵菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

筛胸梳爪叩甲(Melanotus cribricollis)是浙江笋用林内昆虫的优势种群,其幼虫(即金针虫)是笋期主要害虫之一,在湖州市的德清和安吉、杭州市的余杭和临安等重要竹区的早园竹(Phyllostachys praecox)林中,鲜笋带虫率可达62%,种笋受害率更是高达80%以上,严重制约了当地竹产业的健康发展(徐天森,2004)。由于金针虫营地下生活,防治一直是竹笋生产管理的难点。化学防治会导致竹笋     

坡度和雨强对重庆市黄壤旱坡地产流产沙特征的影响

黄壤作为重庆市山地主要的土壤类型之一,对重庆市农业生产有重要影响。通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和降雨强度条件对黄壤旱坡地产流产沙特征影响及响应过程,结果表明：（1）输沙率随降雨强度的增大而增大,对于短历时强降雨来说,输沙率保持在一个相对平均的水平,比长历时中强度降雨的输沙率大。在坡度0°～25°以内,黄壤旱坡地产流量与坡度之间的关系可以用多相式进行拟合,得到产流临界坡度为22.83°;（2）土壤侵蚀量与坡度符合二次抛物线关系,随坡度的增加出现临界坡度,重庆市黄壤旱坡地土壤侵蚀的临界值坡度为24.7°。在降雨特征参数中,平均降雨强度是反映黄壤旱坡地泥沙量、径流系数和径流泥沙含量的最好特征参数,时段最大降雨强度I10最能反映黄壤旱坡地径流量的变化特征;（3）在10°,15°,20°3个不同坡度下,径流量和产沙量与雨强均表现为幂函数关系,相关系数均在大于0.05置信区间呈显著相关性。     

牛体外受精时老化卵对受精率与染色体异常发生的影响

通过延长体外培养时间得到牛老化卵，对其体外受精率与染色体的异常发生进行了研究，体外受精48h后的受精率，46h培养组与22h和34h培养组之间差异显著（P＜0．05），随着老化时间的延长，受精率及胚胎发育速度明显降低。染色体分析结果表明，46h组的受精卵的染色体异常发生率为61．6％，22h组44．6％，2组之间差异显著（P＜0．05），单倍体（n=31)的发生率也随着老化时间的延长而增加，这些单倍体的性染色体的构成表明，含有X－性染色体的胚的出现率显著高于含有Y－染色体的胚的出现率（P＜0．05）。单倍体的发生是由卵的老化而引起单一配子的孤雌发生，体外培养时间的延长对正常的2倍体的性别无明显影响。