Association between preoperative characteristics and risk of anaesthesia-related death in dogs in small-animal referral hospitals in Japan

Objective

To explore the major risk factors linking preoperative characteristics and anaesthesia-related death in dogs in referral hospitals in Japan.

Availability of phosphorus and trace elements in low-phytate varieties of barley and corn for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Approximately two-thirds of phosphorus in various grains is present as phytate, which is not well-utilized by fish and other monogastric species. Besides its low availability of phosphorus, phytate is reported to reduce the availability of other dietary nutrients to animals. Single-gene, non-lethal low phytic acid (lpa) mutations in corn and barley cause the seed to store most of the phosphorus as inorganic phosphorus instead of as phytate phosphorus. Theoretically, using these mutant grains containing lower levels of phytate in animal feeds should reduce phosphorus excretion by the animals, provided that available phosphorus levels in feeds containing these grains are appropriately adjusted downward. This study was conducted as a first step to determine if the biological availability of phosphorus in the low-phytate mutants of barley, dent corn and flint corn differed significantly from that in ordinary grains for fish. Also of interest was the effect, if any, on the availability of other minerals in formulated feeds containing the low-phytate grains. Feeding trials demonstrated that the apparent availability of phosphorus in low-phytate grains was significantly higher than that in ordinary grains when they were combined with low-ash ingredients. Fecal phosphorus content (on average) decreased 50.2% (in phytate-phosphorus) or 42.9% (in total phosphorus) by replacing ordinary grains with low-phytate grains in the low-ash diets. The apparent availabilities of calcium, iron, zinc and strontium also were significantly higher in the low-ash diet containing low-phytate dent corn than that containing ordinary dent corn. However, no such increase was observed with low-phytate barley or low-phytate flint corn over their counterpart grains in either calcium, iron or zinc. The apparent availabilities of copper, manganese, magnesium, potassium and sodium were not significantly different between ordinary and low-phytate grains. The apparent digestibility of dry matter also was not significantly different between ordinary and low-phytate grains. The results of this study suggest that a substantial reduction of phosphorus discharge from fish, poultry and animal farms could be achieved simply by replacing ordinary grains with low-phytate mutant grains in low-ash feeds.     

A case of papillary squamous cell carcinoma in the mandible of a young French bulldog

A 7-month-old castrated French bulldog was presented with a left-sided mandibular tumor. The initial tumor biopsy diagnosis was ameloblastoma. The owner brought this dog the Kitasato University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for more detailed examination and treatment. Computed tomography revealed a tumor on the left lateral mandibular gingiva from the caudal third of the incisor tooth to the right canine tooth, associated with severe amorphous osteolysis of the mandibular bone. The tumor was surgically excised and diagnosed as papillary squamous cell carcinoma. Currently, 2514 d (6.9 y) since the operation, the dog is healthy, without recurrence.Key clinical message:Although papillary squamous cell carcinoma is rare, many cases have been reported in the oral cavity of medium-to large-sized dogs. Based on this report, papillary squamous cell carcinoma can occur in small dogs such as young French bulldogs and a good prognosis can be achieved with proper resection.     

Influence of pneumoperitoneum and postural change on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in dogs

We investigated the influence of pneumoperitoneum#(PP) and postural change under inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane, which is routinely used in dogs, on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. As test animals, 6 adult beagles were used. To induce anesthesia, atropine, butorphanol and propofol were intravenously injected. Anesthesia was maintained with 1.3 MAC (1.7%) isoflurane. The following were the experiment conditions: I:E ratio, 1:1.9; tidal air exchange, 20 ml/kg; and ventilation frequency, 14 times/min. Respiration was regulated so that the PaCO₂ was approximately 35 to 40 mmHg before the start of the experiment. PP with CO₂ (intraperitoneal pressure 15 mmHg) and a postural change (15°C) was performed during the experiment. As parameters of circulatory kinetics, heart rate (HR), mean aortic pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), central venous pressure (CVP), femoral venous pressure (FVP) and cardiac output (CO) were measured. As parameters of respiratory kinetics, airway pressure (PAW) and blood gas (BG) were measured. There were significant increases in HR, MAP, MPAP, CVP, FVP, CO, PAW and PaCO₂ after PP in the horizontal position. There were significant increases in CVP, FVP, PAW and PaCO₂ after PP in the Trendelenburg position. There were significant increases in the MPAP, CVP, FVP, PAW and PaCO₂ after PP in the inverse Trendelenburg position. There was a significant difference in FVP after PP between the Trendelenburg position and inverse Trendelenburg position. The results of this experiment suggest that appropriate anesthesia control, such as changing the ventilation conditions after PP, is required for laparoscopic surgery under inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane.     

Dissolved organic matter originating from the riparian shrub Salix gracilistyla

To estimate the importance of leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a pathway through which organic matter is supplied to stream ecosystems, we examined the amount of leachate over time and chemical properties of DOM leached from leaves in different conditions. The samples used were green leaves, yellow senescent leaves, and leaf litter of Salix gracilistyla Miq., which is the dominant riparian plant species in the middle reaches of rivers in western Japan. We analyzed dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total sugar, and polyphenol in the leachate of leaf samples collected from a fluvial bar in the middle reaches of the Ohtagawa River in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Considerable leaching of DOC from senescent leaves [37.3 mg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) leaf] and leaf litter (8.1 mg g⁻¹ dw leaf) occurred within 24 h after immersion. In contrast, DOC leached from green leaves was negligible until 1 week after leaf immersion. Carbon loss of leaves by leaching within 24 h after leaf immersion was estimated to be less than 8%, suggesting that leaching of DOC from S. gracilistyla leaves is a minor pathway through which organic matter is supplied to stream ecosystems. DOM leached from the leaves included sugar and polyphenol, which were among the major chemical forms of DOM leached from the leaves (based on the molecular mass). In a laboratory experiment in which the difference in the stability of DOM between the chemical forms was examined, sugar decomposed more rapidly than polyphenol.     

栽培大麦92个品种的染色体N带带型多态性的研究

对来源于世界９个国家和地区的９２个栽培大麦品种的染色体Ｎ带带型作了比较分析，发现Ｎ带带型存在多态性。     

Profiling of hepatic gene expression of mice fed with edible japanese mushrooms by DNA microarray analysis: comparison among Pleurotus ostreatus, Grifola frondosa, and Hypsizigus marmoreus

To compare and estimate the effects of dietary intake of three kinds of mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus, Grifola frondosa, and Hypsizigus marmoreus), mice were fed a diet containing 10-14% of each mushroom for 4 weeks. Triacylglycerol in the liver and plasma decreased and plasma cholesterol increased in the P. ostreatus-fed group compared with those in the control group. Cholesterol in the liver was lower in the G. frondosa-fed group than in the control group, but no changes were found in the H. marmoreus-fed group. DNA microarray analysis of the liver revealed differences of gene expression patterns among mushrooms. Ctp1a and Fabp families were upregulated in the P. ostreatus-fed group, which were considered to promote lipid transport and β-oxidation. In the G. frondosa-fed group, not only the gene involved in signal transduction of innate immunity via TLR3 and interferon but also virus resistance genes, such as Mx1, Rsad2, and Oas1, were upregulated.