Response of labile organic C and N pools to plastic film removal from semiarid farmland soil

To examine the effects of plastic film removal on grain yield and soil organic matter (SOM), a spring maize (Zea may L.) field experiment was conducted for 5 yr at Changwu Agricultural and Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest China. Compared with traditional plastic film mulching during entire growing stages (FM), plastic film removal at the silking stage (RM) resulted in a 6.3% higher average maize yield. Under the RM treatment, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased after the 5‐yr cultivation in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. Significant increases in extractable organic C (EOC), KMnO₄‐oxidizable C (KMnO₄‐C) and C management index (CMI) in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer, and light fraction organic C and EOC in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer were observed in response to plastic film removal after the 1‐yr treatment; the responses were more significant after 5 yr. Under the RM treatment, significant increases in microbial biomass C, light fraction organic N, extractable organic N, KMnO₄‐C and CMI were also observed after five years in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer. Moreover, KMnO₄‐C and EOC were much more sensitive than other labile SOM fractions to the application of RM, even after only 1 yr of cultivation. Therefore, compared with mulching for the whole growing season, plastic film removal at the maize silking stage is an effective option for increasing yields and enhancing SOM concentration and soil sustainability in the regions with semiarid monsoon climates that have sufficient rainfall during maize reproductive stages.     

东折棱河枫桦红松林与柞树红松林结构特征对比分析

针对小兴安岭林区典型地带性植被阔叶红松林,采用设置标准地的方法,对东折棱河自然保护区中的枫桦红松林与柞树红松林林分结构进行了对比分析,结果表明:两种林分物种组成都比较丰富,垂直结构层次性明显,乔木层、灌木层、草本层都有特殊代表种;在枫桦红松林中,红松、紫椴、枫桦构成乔木层的重要种,毛榛、光萼溲疏、绣线菊组成灌木层的重要种,人字果、粗茎鳞毛蕨、毛缘苔草构成草本层重要种;柞树红松林中,红松、蒙古栎、山杨构成乔木层的重要种,毛榛、东北溲疏、胡枝子组成灌木层的重要种,羊胡子苔草和蚊子草构成草本层重要种;枫桦红松林和柞树红松林各层主要种绝大多数都呈聚集分布。     

Effects of intrauterine growth restriction during late pregnancy on the ovine fetal renal function and antioxidant capacity

This study investigated the effects of intrauterine growth restriction during late pregnancy on the ovine fetal renal function and renal antioxidant capacity. Eighteen ewes pregnant were randomly divided into control group (CG, ad libitum, 0.67 MJ ME·BW^−0.75·day⁻¹, n = 6), restricted group 1 (RG1, 0.18 MJ ME·BW^−0.75·day⁻¹, n = 6), and restricted group 2 (RG2, 0.33 MJ ME·BW^−0.75·day⁻¹, n = 6). At 140 days, the fetal blood, allantoic fluid and kidney tissue were collected to determinate fetal renal function and renal antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the fetal weight, kidney weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) and aquaporin-3 (AQP-3), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in RG1 group were decreased compared with the CG (P < 0.05), but the contents of β2-Microglobulin (β 2-MG), cystatin C (Cys-C), filtered sodium excretion fraction (FENa), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydroxyl radical (OH) in RG1 group were increased (P < 0.05). The impaired ovine fetal renal growth, antioxidant imbalance and dysfunction of glomerulus ultrafiltration, and the renal tubules reabsorption were induced by maternal malnutrition during late pregnancy.     

以GIS为基础的禽流感预测预警研究进展

GIS是一种对地理环境等方面数据进行储存、分析、加工和呈现的综合工具。利用GIS可以把流感病例的相关数据与气候、环境和社会等数据进行整合和分析，通过统计学或数学模型，找到影响流感发生和传播的风险因素，对流感的发生趋势进行预测和可视化预警。国内外学者利用GIS在禽流感风险因素分析和预测等方面做了大量研究，包括对人感染H7N9流感、高致病性H5亚型禽流感、野禽流感风险因素和预测的研究，不同基因型病毒分布特征的研究，兽医决策辅助应用研究等。这些研究对指导兽医流行病学研究人员将GIS更好地应用于禽流感防控具有帮助意义。     

昌吉市土地利用对生态环境的影响分析

在分析昌吉市土地利用现状特点和动态变化的基础上,讨论土地利用对生态环境的影响,指出昌吉市相对脆弱的生态环境和突出的人地矛盾,并提出改善其对环境影响的对策建议。     

东北地区休闲农业园游客满意度模型构建

休闲农业是将农业、农产品加工和服务业相结合的新型农业产业形态。随着国民经济的发展，国民休闲需求快速膨胀，休闲农业进入了高速发展时期。可持续性发展是现阶段休闲农业亟待解决的重要问题，提高满意度是国内外学者公认的促进休闲农业发展的有效途径。在已有的休闲农业园游客满意度测评模型基础上融入东北地区休闲农业发展特点，将模型中农园参与性活动、环境、服务、消费、农园声誉和出游便利性6个满意度影响因素调整为可达程度、可参与性活动、农园形象、游客预期和价格感知5个潜变量，构建符合东北地区特点的休闲农业园游客满意度测评模型，为休闲农业游客满意度的提升进行科学指导。      

m6A甲基化在鸡肌肉生长发育中的表达研究

试验旨在研究RNA m6A修饰相关基因去甲基化酶Alk B同源蛋白5（Alk B homologue 5，ALKBH5）、去甲基化酶肥胖相关蛋白（fat mass and obesity-associated protein，FTO）、甲基转移酶样蛋白3（methyltransferase like 3，METTL3）、甲基转移酶样蛋白14（methyltransferase like 14，METTL14）和成肾细胞瘤1-结合蛋白（Wilms’tumor 1-associating protein，WTAP）在鸡骨骼肌发育过程中的表达，分析其与骨骼肌m6A甲基化水平的相关性。首先，利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测m6A甲基化相关基因在金茅花鸡12（E12）、14（E14）、16（E16）、18（E18）胚龄和1日龄腿肌和胸肌组织中mRNA表达水平，以及其在鸡成肌细胞50%、100%增殖期和1、2、3、4、5 d分化期的mRNA表达水平；随后，利用m6A甲基化试剂盒检测金茅花鸡E12和1日龄腿肌和胸肌组织中m6A甲基化修饰水平，与m6A甲基化相关基因表达水平进行相关性分析。结果显示，m6A去甲基化基因ALKBH5和FTO mRNA表达水平在骨骼肌发育过程中显著上调（P<0.05），即在E12、E14低表达，E16、E18逐渐上调，1日龄达到最高。m6A甲基化写入基因METTL14、METTL3和WTAP mRNA表达水平在E12、E14、E16逐渐上升，E18下降，随后至1日龄表达量回升。在细胞增殖过程中，ALKBH5、FTO、METTL14、METTL3和WTAP基因表达均上调；在细胞分化过程中ALKBH5和FTO基因表达水平显著上调（P<0.05），在分化第5天达到最高。METTL14、METTL3和WTAP基因mRNA表达水平在细胞诱导分化的1、2、3、4 d表达量呈下降趋势，而在诱导分化的第5天有所回升。甲基化水平检测结果显示，腿肌和胸肌m6A甲基化水平变化趋势一致，均在胚胎发育过程中显著下降（P<0.05），至1日龄达到最低。相关性分析结果显示，鸡骨骼肌RNA m6A甲基化水平与m6A去甲基化修饰基因ALKBH5、FTO mRNA表达水平呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。综合以上试验结果，推测m6A甲基化修饰与鸡骨骼肌发育相关，而去甲基化基因ALKBH5、FTO可能通过调控RNA m6A甲基化水平，影响鸡骨骼肌发育。本研究结果为进一步研究m6A甲基化修饰调控鸡骨骼肌生长发育的功能和分子机制提供理论依据。     

达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值评价

生态系统服务功能是生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用,对其服务价值进行货币化评价,可以推动自然资源可持续利用,促进区域生态环境保护。以达里诺尔湖湿地为研究对象,结合达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统的结构、特征及其生态过程特点,通过资料搜集与实地调研,运用资源经济学理论和方法,对达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值进行了划分。构建了达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值评价指标体系,并对其进行了价值评价。评价结果显示达里诺尔湖湿地的服务价值为93.70×10⁴万元,其中直接使用价值为2.19×10⁴万元,占比为2.36%,间接使用价值为91.51×10⁴万元,占比为97.66%。各项生态系统服务功能中以调节空气湿度价值最大,为82.76×10⁴万元,占总服务价值的88.32%。     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

我国滑翔伞运动损伤状况及其影响因素的流行病学调查*

采用问卷调查、数理统计、文献资料等方法对我国滑翔伞运动损伤的情况及原因进分析。结果表明,由于滑翔伞运动本身的特点及此项运动在我国开展逐年广泛,损伤率较高,达到75%。其影响因素主要有参与者技术不够娴熟、场地因素和天气因素三方面。并根据调查结果提出预防措施。