Epidemiology of canine distemper virus in wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from South Korea

Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) are widespread and common in South Korea. In 2011, we obtained serum samples from 102 wild raccoon dogs to survey their exposure to canine distemper virus (CDV). Forty-five of the 102 animals (44.1%) were seropositive. Field cases of canine distemper in wild raccoon dogs from 2010 to 2011 were investigated. Fourteen cases of CDV infection were identified by a commercially available CDV antigen detection kit. These cases were used for virus isolation and molecular analysis. Sequence analysis of hemagglutinin genes indicated that all viruses isolated belonged to the Asia-2 genotype. H protein residues which are related to the receptor and host specificity (residues 530 and 549) were analyzed. A glutamic acid (E) residue is present at 530 in all isolates. At 549, a histidine (H) residue was found in five isolates and tyrosine (Y) residue was found in 6 isolates. Our study demonstrated that CDV infection was widespread in wild raccoon dogs in South Korea.     

EMS-induced mutation of an endoplasmic reticulum oleate desaturase gene (<Emphasis Type="Italic">FAD2</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">2</Emphasis>) results in elevated oleic acid content in rapeseed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.)

The development of rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus L.) with high oleic acid and low linolenic acid is highly desirable for food and industrial applications. In this study, the Korean rapeseed cultivar Tamla was used for ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutagenesis and seed oils were screened up to generation M₇ for high oleate mutants. Two mutant populations (M₇) with an average of approximately 76% oleic acid content were isolated. Yield components between two mutant populations and untreated Tamla plants were not substantially different, although the mutants in the vegetative stage were slightly smaller in size than Tamla. Genomic analyses of six fatty acid desaturase (four FAD2 and two FAD6) genes revealed that the elevated oleic acid content in the mutants is the result of single gene mutations. Changes in DNA sequence were observed in two genes out of six fatty acid desaturase (four FAD2 and two FAD6). FAD2-2 exhibited a 2-bp deletion in the upstream region of the gene in the two mutants, resulting in a severely truncated polypeptide (57 aa instead of 469 aa), while six point mutations in the other gene did not result in changes in the amino acid sequence. Based on these results, FAD2-2, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oleic acid desaturase, is affected in the mutants, resulting in a ~ 7% increase in oleic acid content in comparison to untreated Tamla plants. The induced mutants could be utilized for the development of high oleic oil rapeseed varieties and for regulatory studies of lipid metabolism in seed oils.     

A new on‐site detection method for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in infected pine trees

The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), which is a major problem in East Asia and West Europe. Quick identification of PWN is needed to prevent the dispersal of PWD to healthy forests. Various detection methods of PWN have been developed using anatomical characters and molecular markers. These methods are not suitable for rapid diagnosis because it is difficult to distinguish B. xylophilus from the non‐pathogenic species Bursaphelenchus mucronatus based on morphological characters without expertise in nematode taxonomy and most PCR or isothermal amplification detection methods require time‐consuming processes. In this study, we developed an on‐site PWN detection method using a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay with a novel extraction buffer (DAP buffer). This new PWN detection method is able to extract genomic DNA from PWN in pinewood by simple buffer consisting of sodium hydrate, polyethylene glycol 200 and dimethyl sulfoxide in 10 min without using the experimental devices and able to distinguish between B. xylophilus and other Bursaphelenchus spp. by amplifying the species‐specific 5S rDNA fragment of B. xylophilus in 10 min. Taken together, our protocol can obtain the result for the detection of PWN in pine tree samples within 30 min. This result suggests that RPA/DAP assay is much faster, easier and cheaper than the conventional methods for detecting PWN.     

橡胶树精准施肥模型的构建

施肥模型是精准施肥的核心。根据当前橡胶树施肥方法现状和橡胶树精准施肥的业务流程,通过对橡胶树精准施肥的实体关系分析,笔者以胶园土壤和叶片养分含量为基准,在橡胶树叶片营养诊断指导施肥方法的基础上,构建中国橡胶树精准施肥基本模型,实现橡胶树精准施肥宏观调控与微观指导的统一。同时,在基本模型的基础上,笔者增加了成本收益分析模块来拓展精准施肥模型。这样不仅能为橡胶树精准施肥提供更加科学合理的决策依据,而且可使精准施肥成本得到进一步优化,从而推动橡胶树精准施肥技术的发展。     

黄土高原水土流失与土壤退化的研究

本文研究了黄河干支流悬移质泥沙(采自1983年)和流失地土壤的颗粒组成与养分含量以及它们之间的相互关系。结果表明,黄河下拧河床淤积的泥沙以0.05—0.25毫米的颗粒为主,大于0.25亳米的颗粒组成低于1%,它们与流失地耕层土壤、黄土沉积物及风积砂的颗粒组成类同。皇甫川与窟野河的泥沙中可见到产自基岩剥蚀物的大于0.25毫米的粗颗粒,但在黄河干流中基本未见。为进一步查明黄河下游河床粗颗粒泥沙的来源,应划分大于0.25毫米粒径的粗颗粒。黄河大部分支流泥沙中的有效养分接近耕层的低限或平均水平,其中速效碘为耕层含量的2倍以上。加速坡耕地水土流失的治理,对防止土壤养分流失和减少入黄泥沙,具有重要的实际意义。     

Discovery and Photoisomerization of New Pyrrolosesquiterpenoids Glaciapyrroles D and E,from Deep-Sea Sediment Streptomyces sp.

Two new pyrrolosesquiterpenes, glaciapyrroles D (1) and E (2) were discovered along with the previously reported glaciapyrrole A (3) from Streptomyces sp. GGS53 strain isolated from deep-sea sediment. This study elucidated the planar structures of 1 and 2 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), ultraviolet (UV), and infrared (IR) spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of the glaciapyrroles were determined by Mosher’s method, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Under 366 nm UV irradiation, the glaciapyrroles were systematically converted to the corresponding photoglaciapyrroles (4–6) via photoisomerization, resulting in the diversification of the glaciapyrrole family compounds. The transformation of the glaciapyrrole Z to E isomers occurred in a 1:1 ratio, based on virtual validation of the photoisomerization of these olefinic compounds by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. Finally, when encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, glaciapyrrole E and photoglaciapyrrole E displayed significant inhibitory activity against influenza A virus. This is the first report of antiviral effects from glaciapyrrole family compounds, whose biological functions have only been subjected to limited studies so far.     

橡胶园施肥穴胶树营养根分布规律研究初报

采用田间随机抽样法研究橡胶园施肥穴及其周边位置胶树营养根的空间分布规律,结果发现:未施肥和施过肥的穴内营养根占总根量比例分别为83.4%和94.7%,穴外营养根分布较少,主要为输导根;营养根密度大小在垂直方向以50￣60cm层为分界线,上层密集,高达38条/dm2,下层稀疏,平均为3条/dm2,表明挖穴能够培育庞大的橡胶树营养根体系。     

基于DPSIR模型的农业节水生态补偿机制评价研究——以甘肃省酒泉地区为例

农业节水生态补偿政策评价及影响因素可以促进政策的顺利实施与改进。本研究选取了甘肃省酒泉地区,从驱动力、压力、状态、影响、响应5个角度对影响农业节水生态补偿的因素进行分析,建立了农业节水生态补偿评价体系,应用层次分析法(AHP)原理分析和计算评价指标体系中各项指标的权重。结果表明,农业节水生态补偿的因素涉及社会经济因素、国家政策及其环境影响,是制约农业节水生态补偿发展的最主要因素,为中国的农业生态补偿法律法规以及国家政策的制定提供理论支撑,能够增强农业节水生态补偿的针对性和实用性,促进农业节水具有更广泛的影响和重要的现实意义。