Behavioural strategy of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in response to different kinds of boats in the waters of Lampedusa Island (Italy)

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Characterization of high-level deoxynivalenol producer Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum isolates caused head blight and crown rot diseases in Turkey

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In vitro and in planta determination and quantification of deoxynivalenol (DON) are a crucial step in food safety. tri13 amplicons of 282 bp and...     

Changes in selected immunological parameters and antioxidant status of rainbow trout exposed to malachite green (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792)

In this study, the effects of malachite green on selected immunological parameters, oxidative stress and antioxidant status biomarkers in blood, liver, kidney, spleen and gill of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was examined. During 5 days the malachite green was applied at concentrations of 1/15,000 and 1/150,000 for 30 s and 60 min, respectively. Immunological parameters (nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity, total plasma protein (TP), total immunoglobulin (TI)) and biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation (MDA), catalase (CAT) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels) were evaluated after exposed to malachite green. It has been observed that NBT activity (p < 0.05, p < 0.001), total protein (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) and total immunoglobulin (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) levels were decreased compared with control group. In the rainbow tout exposed to malachite green duration 5 days significantly increased lipid peroxidation, which might be associated to decreased levels of reduced glutathione and catalase activity in the whole tissues of O. mykiss (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 for each cases).     

Toxicokinetics,recovery, and metabolism of triclopyr butotyl (ACTP) ester in goats

Toxicokinetic behavior, recovery, and metabolism studies of ACTP ester and its effect on cytochrome P(450) content of liver microsomal pellet were carried out in black Bengal goat after a single intravenous administration of 11.88 mg kg(-1) and consecutive oral administration of 79.22 mg kg(-1) for 7 days. ACTP ester achieved a maximum blood concentration of 42.64 +/- 4.26 microg mL(-1) at 0.08 h after intravenous administration followed by a sharp decline until 0.5 h, and the minimum blood concentration was recorded at 36 h (1.93 +/- 0.14 microg mL(-1)) postdosing. The kinetic behavior of ACTP ester followed a "two-compartment open model". Comparatively shorter alpha (0.81 +/- 0.02 h(-1)) and greater t1/2 (alpha) (0.86 +/- 0.03 h) indicated a slower rate of distribution of ACTP ester in goat. The t1/2(beta)()) (14.83 +/- 1.49 h) and V(d(area)) (0.91 +/- 0.19 L kg(-1)) suggested a longer elimination phase with general distribution in all compartments of the body. The higher T/B and K12/K21 values associated with a lower f(c) value suggested longer persistence in the tissue compartment at higher concentration. The higher Cl(R) compared to Cl(H) indicated the major amount was eliminated by the kidney. Maximum concentration of ACTP ester including its metabolites, triclopyr acid and trichloropyridinol, was excreted through urine at 48 h. The recovery of ACTP ester including metabolites after repeated nontoxic oral dose administration was 70.09%, of which recovery from feces was 4.45%, suggesting the major portion of administered ACTP ester was absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract of the goat. All of the tissues contained ACTP ester and its metabolites. ACTP ester did not alter the cytochrome P(450) content of the liver tissue following repeated nontoxic oral dose administration for 7 days.     

Determination of chemical profile, antioxidant, DNA damage protection and antiamoebic activities of Teucrium polium and Stachys iberica

This work deals with the evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, DNA preventing and antiamoebic activities of the water extracts of Teucrium polium and Stachys iberica. In all systems, T. polium extract exhibited excellent activity potential than that of S. iberica. The amount of total phenolics and flavonoids were high in this extract. In the presence of 40 mg/ml T. polium extract, a significant protection was observed for native super coiled DNA of pBR322 plasmid DNA. In the presence of 32 mg/ml of T. polium extract, no trophozoite was after the 24th hour.     

Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.) grown in Turkey

Cornus mas L. is a naturally growing dogwood species in Anatolia. In present study, physical, chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry fruits were studied. The fruit weight was in the range of 0.39–1.03 g, fruit length 14.24–22.20 mm, fruit width 9.59–13.21 mm, flesh/seed ratio 1.34 to 6.72. Hunter L values of the samples ranged between 10.82 and 19.69, and a value was between +6.25 and +15.59, and b value was between +3.46 and +6.64. In addition to the levels of dry matter, soluble solids, pH, total acidity, total sugar content, reduced sugar content, unreduced sugar content, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanin and total phenolics were within the range of 15.88–28.19%, 12.50–21.00%, 3.11–3.53, 1.10–2.53%, 76.80–154.00 g kg⁻¹, 52.80–120.00 g kg⁻¹, 0.00–32.30 g kg⁻¹, 0.16–0.88 mg g⁻¹, 1.12–2.92 mg g⁻¹ and 2.81–5.79 mg g⁻¹, respectively. On the other hand, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and EC₅₀ values were between 16.21 mmol g⁻¹ and 94.43 mmol g⁻¹, 0.29–0.69 mg mL⁻¹. Anthocyanin extracts of the fruits were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV–vis detection. Pelargonidin 3-glucoside was the main pigment found in cornelian cherry fruits.     

Pinger affects fish catch efficiency and damage to bottom gill nets related to bottlenose dolphins

There is some evidence that the presence of Tursiops truncatus in fishing areas represents a real economic threat to fishermen due the dolphin feeding on the entangled fish, damaging the nets and reducing the fish catch. We have carried out experiments to assess the efficiency of a pinger in decreasing the interaction between the dolphins and fishing nets, in a fishing area off the coast of southern Italy, where Tursiops truncatus is frequently observed to interact with bottom gill nets. Two identical monofilament bottom gill nets (900 m long), one equipped with pingers and the other without, were used to measure the effect of these pingers on the abundance of the catch and net damage. For each haul (58 in total), data on dolphin sightings near the nets, damage judged to have been done by dolphins, weight and species composition of the catch were collected. All damage to the nets were recorded at the end of each haul. Dolphins in the fishing area were sighted 11 times out of 29 fishing activities (38%). The net equipped with pingers contained 28% more fish (biomass) than the net without pingers (t test, P < 0.04) and was less damaged (−31%, t test, P < 0.01). To assess whether the efficacy of these pingers remain constant over long period, long-term experiments should be carried out.     

Effects of dietary l-tryptophan on the agonistic behavior,growth, and survival of freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz

In this study, the effects of dietary tryptophan (a precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT, serotonin) on the agonistic behavior, growth, and survival of freshwater crayfish were investigated. For this aim, a control diet (D1) and three experimental diets (D2, D3, and D4) were prepared. D1 contained no additional tryptophan (TRP), but D2, D3, and D4 diets were supplemented with TRP at 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 % in dry diet, respectively. The control contained 0.33 % TRP. Results revealed that higher supplemental dietary TRP levels caused a significant decrease in the aggressive behavior (P < 0.05), but an increase in the calmness of crayfish. In addition, the results showed that 5-HT levels in the hemolymph before the fight (after 15 days of feeding; resting) were significantly different (P < 0.05) between D1 and D4. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the 5-HT level of hemolymph between the crayfish fed control and D4 after 15 days of feeding. However, after the fight, 5-HT concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in TRP-supplemented A. leptodactylus as compared with the control. The findings of this study showed that supplemental dietary TRP caused a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the growth and survival rate of A. leptodactylus. The crayfish fed D4 had the best survival rate at the end of the experiment (91.60 % in August). The findings of this study also showed that difference in survival rate between the crayfish fed control and D2 in June, July, and August was not significant (P > 0.05). In addition to these, supplemental dietary TRP gave rise to significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) values in June and July (P < 0.05). For example, in June, it was 0.38 for the crayfish fed D4, 0.28 for the crayfish fed D3, 0.18 for the crayfish fed D2, and 0.13 for the crayfish fed control. However, in August, the highest SGR (0.56) was obtained from the crayfish fed control. The results also showed that the SGRs of females were lower than the males in June, July, and August (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this research shows that the aggressive behavior of A. leptodactylus can be suppressed, and rearing efficiency (i.e., increased growth and high survival rate) of this species can be improved by increasing TRP levels to 1.00 % in its diet.     

The effect of dietary n‐3 series fatty acids on the number of pleopadal egg and stage 1 juvenile in freshwater crayfish,Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz

The effect of dietary n‐3 series fatty acids on the number of pleopadal egg and stage 1 juvenile in freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus was investigated. Crayfish were fed with n‐3 series fatty acids supplemented diets and a control diet for 251 days. Control diet did not comprise additional n‐3 series fatty acids. However, D2, D3 and D4 groups were supplemented with n‐3 series fatty acids at 1%, 2% and 3% level respectively. Results showed the beneficial effects of dietary n‐3 series fatty acids on the production of pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile number. At the end of the experiment, pleopodal egg (from 177 to 234) and stage 1 juvenile number (from 167 to 225) increased significantly with increased dietary n‐3 series fatty acid level. In addition, an increase in dietary n‐3 series fatty acids led to an increase in number of pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile produced per gram of female crayfish weight. It can be concluded that the reproductive efficiency of A. leptodactylus (i.e., pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile number) can be improved in controlled hatchery conditions by adding n‐3 series fatty acid into the diet of this species.     

Litterfall in relation to stand parameters and climatic factors in Pinus brutia forests in Turkey

With this study we investigated the effective factors on annual amount of total litterfall and needle litterfall in Pinus brutia forests and estimated them with a regression model based on certain stand parameters. We studied 27 permanent plots representing different stand structure and environmental conditions in South-Western Turkey. Litterfall was collected in three month intervals corresponding to each of four seasons for a three-year period. We found a significant relationship between litterfall and stand properties such as crown closure (%), basal area (m²?ha^?1), stand stem volume (m³?ha^?1), above-ground biomass (t?ha^?1), mean annual volume increment (m³?ha^?1?yr^?1) and site index (T?=?75). Similar relationships also hold true between litterfall and each of such climatic factors as seasonal mean temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and temperature/precipitation ratio (dimensionless). The mean annual litterfall considerably varied depending on stand characteristics and certain environmental factors. Both needle litterfall and total litterfall may be predicted for long term by regression models using certain stand parameters. Models developed for litterfall of P. brutia forests in this study may be used for national C inventory in Turkey.