Genetic identification of native populations of fluvial white-spotted charr <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvelinus leucomaenis</Emphasis> in the upper Tone River drainage

ABSTRACT:   Stocking of exogenous, hatchery-reared white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis has been conducted throughout much of their range in Honshu Island, Japan, to increase angling opportunities. Although the native charr populations are thought to have declined because of hybridization with introduced fish, their distribution and genetic status have been uncertain. Fine population structures of charr in the upper Tone River drainage were examined using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses so as to clarify the presence of native populations. One common mtDNA haplotype was detected in all populations in the Ohashi River and Watarase River, and four and one tributary populations were monomorphic for such haplotypes, respectively. However, several haplotypes, considered to have originated from stocked hatchery fish, were observed in the stocked and the remaining populations. Judging from the genetic integrity over a fine geographic scale, the former were considered as indicative of native populations and the latter as admixtures with hatchery fish. Comparisons of genetic diversity, deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, principal component analysis, and relatedness estimations based on microsatellite DNA can also provide evidence for distinguishing native populations from those influenced by hatchery fish.     

Seasonal changes in the spatial structures of N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes from Acacia mangium plantation soils in Indonesia

We evaluated the spatial structures of nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) fluxes in an Acacia mangium plantation stand in Sumatra, Indonesia, in drier (August) and wetter (March) seasons. A 60 × 100-m plot was established in an A. mangium plantation that included different topographical elements of the upper plateau, lower plateau, upper slope and foot slope. The plot was divided into 10 × 10-m grids and gas fluxes and soil properties were measured at 77 grid points at 10-m intervals within the plot. Spatial structures of the gas fluxes and soil properties were identified using geostatistical analyses. Averaged N₂O and CO₂ fluxes in the wetter season (1.85 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ and 4.29 g C m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the drier season (0.55 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ and 2.73 g C m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively) and averaged CH₄ uptake rates in the drier season (−0.62 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹) were higher than those in the wetter season (−0.24 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹). These values of N₂O fluxes in A. mangium soils were higher than those reported for natural forest soils in Sumatra, while CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes were in the range of fluxes reported for natural forest soils. Seasonal differences in these gas fluxes appears to be controlled by soil water content and substrate availability due to differing precipitation and mineralization of litter between seasons. N₂O fluxes had strong spatial dependence with a range of about 18 m in both the drier and wetter seasons. Topography was associated with the N₂O fluxes in the wetter season with higher and lower fluxes on the foot slope and on the upper plateau, respectively, via controlling the anaerobic-aerobic conditions in the soils. In the drier season, however, we could not find obvious topographic influences on the spatial patterns of N₂O fluxes and they may have depended on litter amount distribution. CO₂ fluxes had no spatial dependence in both seasons, but the topographic influence was significant in the drier season with lowest fluxes on the foot slope, while there was no significant difference between topographic positions in the wetter season. The distributions of litter amount and soil organic matter were possibly associated with CO₂ fluxes through their effects on microbial activities and fine root distribution in this A. mangium plantation.     

蒸煮过程中稻米水分状态的质子核磁共振谱测定

对3种稻米蒸煮过程中水分的状态进行了¹H-NMR测定。结果表明, 不同品种的原料稻米具有相近的弛豫特征。但在蒸煮过程中，纵弛豫时间会因品种的不同而呈现出显著的差异。分析结果认为，稻米中水分的存在状态有自由水、构造水和结合水等3种形式。蒸煮过程中各种稻米水分状态的差异与谷粒中有机物的理化特性密切相关，并可能是导致米饭具有不同食味特性的重要原因。     

Method for rapid detection of the PvCesA3 gene allele conferring resistance to mandipropamid, a carboxylic acid amide fungicide, in Plasmopara viticola populations

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of carboxylic acid amide (CAA)‐fungicide‐resistant Plasmopara viticola populations is becoming a serious problem in the control of grapevine downy mildew worldwide. RESULTS: The authors have developed a method, which utilises PCR‐RFLP, for the rapid detection of resistance to the CAA fungicide mandipropamid in P. viticola populations. With this method, a glycine‐to‐serine substitution at codon 1105 of the cellulose synthase gene PvCesA3 of CAA‐fungicide‐resistant P. viticola was easily detected, although no resistant P. viticola was detected from 398 isolates in Japan. CONCLUSION: It is proposed that the PCR‐RFLP method is a reliable tool for the rapid detection of CAA‐fungicide‐resistant P. viticola isolates. Only 4 h was required from the sampling of symptoms to the phenotyping of fungicide resistance. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evidence for the biosynthetic pathway from sinapic acid to syringyl lignin using labeled sinapic acid with stable isotope at both methoxy groups in Robinia pseudoacacia and Nerium indicum

A tracer experiment using synthesized labeled lignin precursors was designed to confirm the actual biosynthetic pathway for syringyl lignin. Tetradeuteroferulic acid-[8-D, 3-OCD(3)] and heptadeuterosinapic acid-[8-D, 3,5-OCD(3)] were synthesized and fed to shoots of robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia) and oleander (Nerium indicum) trees. The incorporation of each labeled precursor into lignin was traced by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The synthesized sinapic acid, in which both methoxy groups were labeled, was useful in monitoring the conversion of sinapic acid into syringyl lignin. When heptadeuterosinapic acid was fed, syringyl units containing seven deuterium labels were detected. The results of this study support the traditionally accepted pathway that sinapic acid is converted to sinapyl alcohol via sinapoyl-CoA in robinia and oleander.     

Effect of intermittent drainage in reduction of methane emission from paddy soils in Hokkaido,northern Japan

ABSTRACT

Emission of methane (CH₄), a major greenhouse gas, from submerged paddy soils is generally reduced by introducing intermittent drainage in summer, which is a common water management in Japan. However, such a practice is not widely conducted in Hokkaido, a northern region in Japan, to prevent a possible reduction in rice grain yield caused by cold weather. Therefore, the effects of intermittent drainage on CH₄ emission and rice grain yield have not been investigated comprehensively in Hokkaido. In this study, we conducted a three-year field experiment in Hokkaido and measured CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes and rice grain yield to elucidate whether the reduction in CH₄ emission can be achieved in Hokkaido as well as other regions in Japan. Four experimental treatments, namely, two soil types [soils of light clay (LiC) and heavy clay (HC) textures] and two water management [continuous flood irrigation (CF), and intermittent drainage (ID)], were used, and CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were measured throughout the rice cultivation periods from 2016 to 2018. Cumulative CH₄ emissions in 2016 were markedly low, suggesting an initially low population of methanogens in the soils presumably due to no soil submergence or crop cultivation in the preceding years, which indicates a possible reduction in CH₄ emission by introducing paddy-upland crop rotation. Cumulative CH₄ emissions in the ID-LiC and ID-HC plots were 21–91% lower than those in the CF-LiC and CF-HC plots, respectively, whereas the cumulative N₂O emissions did not significantly differ between the different water managements. The amount of CH₄ emission reduction by the intermittent drainage was largest in 2018, with a comparatively long period of the first drainage for 12 days in summer. Rice grain yields did not significantly differ between the different water managements for the entire 3 years, although the percentage of well-formed rice grains was reduced by the intermittent drainage in 2018. These results suggest that CH₄ emission from paddy fields can be reduced with no decrease in rice grain yield by the intermittent drainage in Hokkaido. In particular, the first drainage for a long period in summer is expected to reduce CH₄ emission markedly.     

Protein degradation and protease activity of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) muscle during spawning migration

Sarcoplasmic protein content decreased significantly and myosin heavy chain was degraded gradually during spawning migration of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Acid and neutral proteinase activities increased significantly during spawning migration. These proteinase activities were higher in females than in males. High levels of acid proteinase were not caused by the injury of lysosomal membranes. Considering the physiological states of chum salmon, neutral proteinase activity might be related to the degradation of muscle protein. As the changes in serum sex steroids were similar to those in the protease activities during spawning migration, it was considered that high levels of protease activity during spawning migration were closely related to the serum levels of androgens.     

Experimental dual infection of pigs with an H1N1 swine influenza virus (A/Sw/Hok/2/81) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Dual infection of pigs with swine influenza virus (SIV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was carried out to compare the clinical and pathological effects of dual infection in caesarian derived and colostrums deprived (CDCD) pigs, with that of a single infection with M. hyopneumoniae. In Experiment 1, 40-day-old CDCD pigs were inoculated only with SIV (A/Sw/Hok/2/81, H1N1). The virus was isolated from nasal swabs for 5-6 days. None of these pigs showed clinical signs of infection throughout the experimental period. These results suggested that this strain can infect pigs but is only slightly pathogenic when it is inoculated singly to a CDCD pig. In Experiment 2, 60-day-old CDCD pigs were inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae and then were inoculated with SIV (A/Sw/Hok/2/81) at 1 week (MHYO-7d-SIV-7d group) or 3 weeks (MHYO-21d-SIV-7d group) after M. hyopneumoniae inoculation. Macroscopically, dark red-to-purple lung lesions were observed in all of pigs at 14 or 28 days post-inoculation. Percentages of dark red-to-purple lung lesions in dual infection groups (MHYO-7d-SIV-7d group: 18.7 +/- 4.2%, MHYO-21d-SIV-7d group: 23.0 +/- 8.0%) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared to those of each control group in which pigs were inoculated only with M. hyopneumoniae (MHYO-14d group: 4.7 +/- 2.9%, MHYO-28 group: 3.3 +/- 2.4%). Microscopically, bronchial epithelial lesions (epithelial disruption, degeneration, hyperplasia and formation of microabscess) were frequently observed in dark red-to-purple lung lesions of only the dual infection groups. These results demonstrate that the lung lesion of pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae and SIV is more severe than that of pigs inoculated only with M. hyopneumoniae.     

Serum free amino acid concentration in hepatic lipidosis of dairy cows in the periparturient period

Blood samples were taken from eight multiparous cows at a dairy farm on eight occasions between the prepartum period and peak lactation to study the serum concentrations of amino acids and biochemical constituents. The cows were classified as having either severe hepatic lipidosis (HL) or non-hepatic lipidosis (non-HL) according to their clinical condition after calving and changes in serum biochemical parameters. The serum concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyric acid were higher in the HL group than in the non-HL group (ANOVA: p<0.01). The serum concentrations of methionine (Met), phenylalanine, and arginine were significantly different between the two groups (ANOVA: p<0.05). In particular, the Met levels were significantly low for 14 days after calving in the HL group (p<0.05), although Met levels in the HL group tended to be lower than the values in the non-HL group until 30 days after calving, starting 14 days before calving. The results suggest that an insufficiency of Met during the periparturient period is related to the development of hepatic lipidosis.