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941.
Infants with an inhibited temperament tend to develop into children who avoid people, objects, and situations that are novel or unfamiliar, whereas uninhibited children spontaneously approach novel persons, objects, and situations. Behavioral and physiological features of these two temperamental categories are moderately stable from infancy into early adolescence and have been hypothesized to be due, in part, to variation in amygdalar responses to novelty. We found that adults who had been categorized in the second year of life as inhibited, compared with those previously categorized as uninhibited, showed greater functional MRI signal response within the amygdala to novel versus familiar faces. 相似文献
942.
Head JW Chapman CR Strom RG Fassett CI Denevi BW Blewett DT Ernst CM Watters TR Solomon SC Murchie SL Prockter LM Chabot NL Gillis-Davis JJ Whitten JL Goudge TA Baker DM Hurwitz DM Ostrach LR Xiao Z Merline WJ Kerber L Dickson JL Oberst J Byrne PK Klimczak C Nittler LR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6051):1853-1856
MESSENGER observations from Mercury orbit reveal that a large contiguous expanse of smooth plains covers much of Mercury's high northern latitudes and occupies more than 6% of the planet's surface area. These plains are smooth, embay other landforms, are distinct in color, show several flow features, and partially or completely bury impact craters, the sizes of which indicate plains thicknesses of more than 1 kilometer and multiple phases of emplacement. These characteristics, as well as associated features, interpreted to have formed by thermal erosion, indicate emplacement in a flood-basalt style, consistent with x-ray spectrometric data indicating surface compositions intermediate between those of basalts and komatiites. The plains formed after the Caloris impact basin, confirming that volcanism was a globally extensive process in Mercury's post-heavy bombardment era. 相似文献
943.
Murchie SL Watters TR Robinson MS Head JW Strom RG Chapman CR Solomon SC McClintock WE Prockter LM Domingue DL Blewett DT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5885):73-76
The Caloris basin, the youngest known large impact basin on Mercury, is revealed in MESSENGER images to be modified by volcanism and deformation in a manner distinct from that of lunar impact basins. The morphology and spatial distribution of basin materials themselves closely match lunar counterparts. Evidence for a volcanic origin of the basin's interior plains includes embayed craters on the basin floor and diffuse deposits surrounding rimless depressions interpreted to be of pyroclastic origin. Unlike lunar maria, the volcanic plains in Caloris are higher in albedo than surrounding basin materials and lack spectral evidence for ferrous iron-bearing silicates. Tectonic landforms, contractional wrinkle ridges and extensional troughs, have distributions and age relations different from their counterparts in and around lunar basins, indicating a different stress history. 相似文献
944.
A method is described which permits rapid phenotypic diagnosis of the Lesch-Nyhan heterozygote by direct assay of hypoxanthine guanine phosphori-bosyltransferase activity in single hair follicles obtained from the scalp. 相似文献
945.
Clostridium botulinum type F has been identified during the summer months in mud samples from a small stream. Its absence during the period from October to April in these mud samples is attributed to the presence of Bacillus 相似文献
946.
Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Adler PB Seabloom EW Borer ET Hillebrand H Hautier Y Hector A Harpole WS O'Halloran LR Grace JB Anderson TM Bakker JD Biederman LA Brown CS Buckley YM Calabrese LB Chu CJ Cleland EE Collins SL Cottingham KL Crawley MJ Damschen EI Davies KF DeCrappeo NM Fay PA Firn J Frater P Gasarch EI Gruner DS Hagenah N Hille Ris Lambers J Humphries H Jin VL Kay AD Kirkman KP Klein JA Knops JM La Pierre KJ Lambrinos JG Li W MacDougall AS McCulley RL Melbourne BA Mitchell CE Moore JL Morgan JW Mortensen B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6050):1750-1753
For more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the processes regulating local diversity. The original view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the relationship is hump-shaped, with richness first rising and then declining with increasing productivity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these syntheses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standardized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters(-2)) richness within sites, within regions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understanding the multivariate links between productivity and richness. 相似文献
947.
Dunkle JA Wang L Feldman MB Pulk A Chen VB Kapral GJ Noeske J Richardson JS Blanchard SC Cate JH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6032):981-984
During protein synthesis, the ribosome controls the movement of tRNA and mRNA by means of large-scale structural rearrangements. We describe structures of the intact bacterial ribosome from Escherichia coli that reveal how the ribosome binds tRNA in two functionally distinct states, determined to a resolution of ~3.2 angstroms by means of x-ray crystallography. One state positions tRNA in the peptidyl-tRNA binding site. The second, a fully rotated state, is stabilized by ribosome recycling factor and binds tRNA in a highly bent conformation in a hybrid peptidyl/exit site. The structures help to explain how the ratchet-like motion of the two ribosomal subunits contributes to the mechanisms of translocation, termination, and ribosome recycling. 相似文献
948.
Bhowmick NA Chytil A Plieth D Gorska AE Dumont N Shappell S Washington MK Neilson EG Moses HL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5659):848-851
Stromal cells can have a significant impact on the carcinogenic process in adjacent epithelia. The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in such epithelial-mesenchymal interactions was determined by conditional inactivation of the TGF-beta type II receptor gene in mouse fibroblasts (Tgfbr2fspKO). The loss of TGF-beta responsiveness in fibroblasts resulted in intraepithelial neoplasia in prostate and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach, both associated with an increased abundance of stromal cells. Activation of paracrine hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling was identified as one possible mechanism for stimulation of epithelial proliferation. Thus, TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the growth and oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia in selected tissues. 相似文献
949.
Alphey L Beard CB Billingsley P Coetzee M Crisanti A Curtis C Eggleston P Godfray C Hemingway J Jacobs-Lorena M James AA Kafatos FC Mukwaya LG Paton M Powell JR Schneider W Scott TW Sina B Sinden R Sinkins S Spielman A Touré Y Collins FH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5591):119-121
At a recent workshop, experts discussed the benefits, risks, and research priorities associated with using genetically manipulated insects in the control of vector-borne diseases. 相似文献
950.
There are substantial barriers to the introduction of hydrogen fuel cells for transportation, including the high cost of fuel-cell systems, the current lack of a hydrogen infrastructure, and the relatively low fuel efficiency when using hydrogen produced from hydrocarbons. Here, we describe a solid oxide fuel cell that combines a catalyst layer with a conventional anode, allowing internal reforming of iso-octane without coking and yielding stable power densities of 0.3 to 0.6 watts per square centimeter. This approach is potentially the basis of a simple low-cost system that can provide substantially higher fuel efficiency by using excess fuel-cell heat for the endothermic reforming reaction. 相似文献