Mycorrhizae, biocides, and biocontrol 3. Effects of three different fungicides on developmental stages of three AM fungi

The effects of biocide use on nontarget organisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, are of interest to agriculture, since inhibition of beneficial organisms may counteract benefits derived from pest and disease control. Benomyl, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) and captan were tested for their effects on the germination and early hyphal growth of the AM fungiGlomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.),Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.). Gerd. and Trappe andGigaspora rosea (Nicol & Schenck) in a silty-clay loam soil placed in petri plates. Application of fungicides at 20 mg active ingredient (a.i) kg^–1 soil inhibited spore germination by all three AM-fungal isolates incubated on unsterilized soil for 2 weeks. However, fungicides applied at 10 mg a.i. kg^–1 soil had variable effects on AM-fungal isolates. Fungicide effects on germination and hyphal growth of G.etunicatum were modified by soil pasteurization and CO₂ concentration in petri plates and also by placing spores below the soil surface followed by fungicide drenches. Effects of fungicides on mycorrhiza formation and sporulation of AM fungi, and the resulting host-plant response, were evaluated in the same soil in associated pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Fungicides applied at 20 mg a.i. kg^–1 soil did not affect the root length colonized byG. etunicatum, but both benomyl and PCNB reduced sporulation by this fungus. Benomyl and PCNB reduced the root length colonized byG. rosea at 48 and 82 days after transplanting. PCNB also reducedG. mosseae-colonized root length at 48 and 82 days, but benomyl only affected root length colonized byG. mosseae at the earlier time point. Only PCNB reduced sporulation byG. mosseae, consistent with its effect on root length colonized by this fungus. captan reduced the root length colonized by G. rosea at 48 days, but not at 82 days, and reduced colonization byG. mosseae at 82 days, but not at 48 days. Captan did not affect sporulation by any of the fungi.G. rosea spore production was highly variable, but benomyl appeared to reduce sporulation by this fungus. Overall,G. etunicatum was the most tolerant to fungicides in association with pea plants in this soil, andG. rosea the most sensitive. Benomyl and PCNB were overall more toxic to these fungi than captan. Interactions of AM fungi and fungicides were highly variable and biological responses depended on fungus-fungicide combinations and on environmental conditions.     

辣椒新品种华美105的选育

华美105是以自交系HA015为母本,以抗CMV的株系LR002为父本杂交育成的螺丝形羊角椒。早熟,从定植到始收45 d(天)左右,首花节位在第9～10节。植株健壮,生长势强,叶片小,节间短,耐低温弱光。连续坐果能力强,单株结果 25～30个,单果质量80～120 g,产量稳定在8 500 kg·(667 m~2)~(-1)以上。青熟果深渌色,老熟果红色,辣味中等,肉质脆嫩,市场接受度高。田间对CMV和疫病的抗性强于对照陇椒3号。适合北方早春、秋延后、越冬设施及南方露地栽培。     

Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers

A fundamentally different type of optical waveguide structure is demonstrated, in which light is confined to the vicinity of a low-index region by a two-dimensional photonic band gap crystal. The waveguide consists of an extra air hole in an otherwise regular honeycomb pattern of holes running down the length of a fine silica glass fiber. Optical fibers based on this waveguide mechanism support guided modes with extraordinary properties.     

Ring nematodes (Mesocriconema xenoplax) alter root colonization and function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in grape roots in a low P soil

A reduction of arbuscules in roots of grapevines (Vitis vinifera) observed when ring nematodes were added to field microplots led to the hypothesis that nematode feeding suppresses arbuscules by competing for root carbohydrates. Support for this hypothesis was tested by growing ‘Pinot noir’ grapevines in a factorial experiment with three levels of initial nematode densities (0, 0.1, 1.0 nematodes g^?1 soil), two levels of light (full sun, 50% sun), and two levels of AMF (nonAMF, +AMF). Effects on plant growth were primarily driven by a light and AMF treatment interaction, such that low light increased stem dry matter accumulation at the expense of roots in +AMF vines only. Nematodes had only a minor influence on plant growth (leaf mass was reduced at the highest nematode density), but nematodes did not affect overall plant dry matter accumulation. Since nonAMF vines were severely limited by P and their growth was so poor, the impact of nematode and light treatments was further analyzed in +AMF plants only. Nematode populations, AMF colonization, and root carbohydrates were differentially affected by initial nematode density or light levels. Root biomass, and reducing sugar and starch concentrations in fine roots were reduced by low light, but the final nematode populations and arbuscule frequencies in roots were unaffected by light. Nematodes reduced arbuscules and starch concentrations in fine roots, but did not affect total colonization by AMF (hyphae, vesicles or arbuscules). Nematodes reduced plant P and K uptake at the highest density, and low light reduced Mg uptake. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ring nematodes suppress arbuscules in roots via competition for root carbohydrates. However, the lack of a treatment interaction between light and nematodes in our study suggests that ring nematode–AMF interactions in grape roots are controlled by more than competition for photosynthate.     

寒冷干旱地区日光温室结构的优化设计

应用ANSYS有限元软件对寒冷干旱的呼和浩特地区常用的节能型日光温室结构进行了三维分析,研究了日光温室在作物载荷与雪载,南风载荷和北风载荷三种不利载荷组合情况下的受力,然后对日光温室的前、后屋面角、弦杆弧度和结构杆件的截面尺寸进行了优化设计.优化后的温室结构与优化前相比可节省用钢量约1.43kg/m2;温室的全部结构杆件均采用标准钢材确定,利于采购和日光温室的建造;前、后屋面角经优化后对温室内部采光也较有利.     

The effect of ivermectin treatment of late pregnant dairy cows in south-west Victoria on subsequent milk production and reproductive performance

SUMMARY A total of 498 dairy cows in 5 predominantly pasture-fed herds were allocated to pairs. One cow in each pair was treated with a single dose of ivermectin during the dry period. Treated and untreated cows were managed as a single group throughout the trial. Most cows calved between 45 and 115 days after treatment. When data from all herds were pooled, treated cows produced an extra 74 L of milk over the first 100 days of the subsequent lactation (95% confidence interval 20 to 128). Means were greater among treated groups relative to untreated groups in all 5 herds. However, when analysed individually, differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in 1 herd only. Over the complete lactation, mean milk volume for treated cows was 86 L greater than for untreated cows (95% confidence interval of difference -57 to 229; P = 0.24). Untreated cows produced 2473 L and 5883 L for the first 100 days of lactation and for the complete lactation, respectively. Milk production responses to treatment did not vary significantly with parity, body condition score, previous production index, calving date category or with plasma pepsinogen concentration or faecal egg count at the time of treatment. Faecal egg counts and plasma pepsinogen concentrations were low at the start of the study. The interval from calving to conception was 4.8 days less in treated cows (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 8.2) relative to untreated cows when data from all 5 herds were pooled. Differences within individual herds were not statistically significant.     

甘蔗黑穗病拮抗细菌的促生长特性及其防治效果研究

【目的】筛选具有拮抗甘蔗黑穗病菌（Sporisorium scitamineum）及促进植物生长特性的细菌,为甘蔗黑穗病的生物防治提供菌株资源和参考依据。【方法】采集出现黑穗病甘蔗株的根际土壤,采用平板对峙培养法分离纯化获得拮抗菌株,通过16S rRNA序列分析明确拮抗菌株的分类地位并分析其促生长特性;采用桶栽试验,研究筛选获得的优良拮抗菌株对甘蔗黑穗病的防治效果。【结果】分离纯化获得68株细菌菌株,其中7株（G1、G10、G12、G14、G20、G21和G23）对甘蔗黑穗病菌具有抑制效果。7株菌株具有产纤维素酶、产几丁质酶、分泌吲哚乙酸（IAA）、产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶（ACC脱氨酶）、嗜铁能力、溶解有机磷、产蛋白酶及产氢氰酸（HCN）等不同程度的促进植物生长特性,特别是3株伯克霍尔德氏菌属（Burkholderia）菌株G1、G10和G23的综合效果更好。用拮抗能力较强的菌株G1、G10、G12和G23防治甘蔗黑穗病的桶栽试验结果表明,4株拮抗菌株处理均可有效抑制黑穗病的发生,提高甘蔗的出苗率和生物量,其中以菌株G23处理的综合效果最好。【结论】分离获得7株对甘蔗黑穗病菌拮抗效果较好的菌株,均具有不同程度的促进植物生长特性,其中以菌株G23的综合效果最好,具有良好的应用前景。     

Clinical signs, histology, and CD3-positive cells before and after treatment of dogs with chronic enteropathies

Background: Histopathology is widely used for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in dogs. Variations in lesions and unavailability of uniform grading systems limit the usefulness of histologic examination.
Hypothesis: CD3 cell numbers in chronic enteropathies of dogs correlate with clinical activity of the disease and with severity of histopathologic changes.
Animals: Nineteen client-owned dogs examined because of chronic diarrhea, vomiting, or both.
Methods: Samples of duodenal and colonic mucosa were collected endoscopically before and after treatment. Dogs that responded to a hypoallergenic diet were grouped as food-responsive diarrhea dogs (FRD, n = 10). Dogs with no clinical improvement after 10 days of treatment then received prednisolone (immunosuppressive doses) and were grouped as steroid-responsive diarrhea dogs (SRD, n = 9). Histopathologic assessment with a standardized grading system was performed retrospectively on the intestinal samples. Histologic score, total number of infiltrating cells, and CD3-positive cells were counted and compared with the clinical scoring.
Results: No statistically significant difference was detected among histologic grading, total number of cells in the lamina propria, and T-cell numbers in biopsies before and after treatment in either group (FRD and SRD).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Currently used histopathologic grading scores, total numbers of cells, and numbers of CD3-positive cells did not allow differentiation between FRD and SRD and did not correlate with clinical response to therapy. Based on these results, new grading scores assessing other criteria than total cell numbers and CD3-positive cells should be evaluated in the future.