黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水资源平衡利用与生态植被可持续发展

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区林草植被建设对控制水土流失和农业可持续发展具有双重意义。但是,大量资 料表明,黄土高原丘陵沟壑区林地和草地土壤水分严重亏缺,林草植被对土壤水资源的过度利用必将产生严 重后果,笔者强调生态植被建设须坚持土壤水资源平衡利用原则。在对土壤水量收入和支出诸因素分析的基 础上,指出采取拦蓄降水、降水高效叠加利用、覆盖保墒和减少植被蒸腾等途径及措施,以实现土壤水资源平 衡利用。提出林地降水高效叠加利用技术的思路及研究解决办法;研究建立植物蒸腾耗水量评价指标体系, 为筛选节水植物种类或种提供科学依据;植被蒸腾量的调控,根据叶面积指数与土壤耗水量的关系,在土壤水 资源平衡利用的原则下,确定其盖度和种植密度,后期通过控制树冠、适度疏枝、合理平茬(刈割)等进一步加 以调节。     

原发性肾病综合征并发急性肾功能衰竭的临床与病理分析

目的；观察原发性肾病综合征(iNS)并发急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的临床与病理。方法：对42例iNS并发ARF患者临床和病理改变进行分析。结果：iNS并发ARF的发生率为5．87％，临床上以少尿型为主(78．6％)．起病均在iNS的急性期。42例患者临床表现为大量蛋白尿、高度水肿，病程中无明显诱因出现少尿，尿素氮与血清肌酐增高。肾脏病理检查肾小球以轻微改变为主，其中微小病变型16例．轻度系膜增生型肾炎2l例；肾小管间质的病变却表现为广泛肾间质水肿及小管上皮细胞灶性坏死。经利尿、强的松等治疗后，36例患者肾功能逐渐恢复正常。结论：iINS并发ARF多发生于肾小球轻微改变者；尽早明确iNS并发ARF，并给予适当治疗，绝大多数患者肾功能可以恢复。     

Enhanced glucosinolates in root exudates of Brassica rapa ssp. rapa mediated by salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate

Elicitation studies with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) inducing a targeted rhizosecretion of high levels of anticarcinogenic glucosinolates in Brassica rapa ssp. rapa plants were conducted. Elicitor applications not only led to an accumulation of individual indole glucosinolates and the aromatic 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate in the turnip organs but also in turnip root exudates. This indicates an extended systemic response, which comprises the phyllosphere with all aboveground plant organs and the rhizosphere including the belowground root system and also root exudates. Both elicitor applications induced a doubling in 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate in root exudates, whereas application of MJ enhanced rhizosecreted indole glucosinolates up to 4-fold. In addition, the time course study revealed that maximal elicitation was observed on the 10th day of SA and MJ treatment. This study may provide an essential contribution using these glucosinolates as bioactive additives in functional foods and nutraceuticals.     

Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in polar stratospheric clouds

A comprehensive investigation of polar stratospheric clouds was performed on 25 January 2000 with instruments onboard a balloon gondola flown from Kiruna, Sweden. Cloud layers were repeatedly encountered at altitudes between 20 and 24 kilometers over a wide range of atmospheric temperatures (185 to 197 kelvin). Particle composition analysis showed that a large fraction of the cloud layers was composed of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles, containing water and nitric acid at a molar ratio of 3:1; this confirmed that these long-sought solid crystals exist well above ice formation temperatures. The presence of NAT particles enhances the potential for chlorine activation with subsequent ozone destruction in polar regions, particularly in early and late winter.     

两种吡虫啉种衣剂在棉花和土壤中的残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法，研究了两种吡虫啉种衣剂在棉花和土壤中的残留消解动态，并对其在棉花上使用的安全性作出了评价。结果表明，两种吡虫啉种衣剂无论在棉株中或土壤中消解动态没有显著差异，其消解速度相当缓慢，有较长的药效。试验还表明，无论是推荐药量还是加倍药量．在正常使用条件下，都不会造成棉子残毒污染和土壤的残留积累。     

A low-temperature thermal process for the decomposition of water

The following three reactions, each of which has been shown to proceed at the temperature indicated above the arrow, are suggested as a cycle for the thermal decomposition of water:     

辅酶Q10污泥施用对作物和土壤效应的研究

为了探索辅酶Q10污泥施用对土壤和作物的影响,以玉米为供试作物,进行了不同用量污泥施用及与单施化肥对比的田间试验。结果表明,污泥施用增加了玉米的株高,400kg/667m2施肥量比空白区平均增加14cm,比单施化肥区平均增加6.5cm;400kg/667m2施肥量比空白区增产10%~15%,达到差异显著水平,与单施化肥区无显著差异;施用污泥与空白区相比,玉米籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量均有所提高,与单施化肥相比,污泥对提高籽粒蛋白质含量的作用更明显;污泥施用后对提高土壤中磷的作用最大,其次为氮,对有机质和钾的影响微乎其微,对土壤的p H值没有影响。辅酶Q10污泥施用对玉米生长、产量形成和品质均具有良好的效应,同时能够起到培肥土壤的作用。     

A process-oriented and stochastic simulation model for asparagus spear growth and yield

To obtain a better understanding of the factors affecting asparagus spear growth and yield, a process-oriented and stochastic model for asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) grown under soil ridges was developed and tested. This model describes a population of asparagus plants with a binomial distributed bud cluster number per plant. Each bud cluster starts to grow after exposure to an exponential distributed temperature sum. The length growth response of spears, which is mainly dependent on soil temperature and spear length, is affected by the soluble carbohydrate (CHO) concentration in the storage root system and the temperature gradient between the spear tip and the rhizome. The spear growth rate is assumed to be normally distributed, while a stochastic dependency to the required temperature sum for bud break is assumed. For each bud cluster, a broadly varied apical dominance relation between successive spears is described by an exponential distributed temperature sum for spear length growth induction. After removal of the dominating spear, the required temperature sum decreases exponentially. The time progression of spear diameter is a function of spear generation number within a bud cluster and the mean temperature during spear growth induction and can be used to derive the spear fresh weight. The change of soluble CHO concentrations in the storage root system is derived from maintenance and growth respiration requirements.Some of the model parameters are derived from independent measurements of spear growth. Regarding the tremendous variability of daily yields, the model performed well in the prediction of daily spear number, diameter and yield over the whole harvest season across two production sites with various soil temperatures induced by different types of ridge covering.The effects of soluble CHO concentration and soil temperature gradient on spear growth rate are regarded as preliminary and should be tested in further experiments. Due to the apical dominance relation between spears, asparagus is subject to endogenous rhythmic growth, which invalidates simple statistical yield forecast approaches. In its current state, our yield forecast model is well suited to test the impact of various plant traits on asparagus yield, and thus to guide early selection in crop improvement projects. Finally, the current model could be used to derive easier to handle yet physiological sound yield models to be useful for field-scale applications.     

阿拉善荒漠草地8种牧草营养物质季节动态及营养均衡价评价

探讨了阿拉善荒漠草地珍珠柴(Salsola passerina)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)、红砂(Reaumuria soon-gorica)、绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、沙鞭(Psammochloavillosa)和牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)8种牧草营养物质含量的季节动态,并以粗蛋白质对其营养均衡价进行了比较。结果表明:8种牧草的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、钙含量和钙磷比随着牧草的生长期呈先增加后降低的趋势,粗蛋白质含量6月最高,为7.86%~19.18%,1月最低,为5.25%~9.24%;粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、钙含量及钙磷比分别为0.81%~9.63%,26.19%~52.58%,0.12%~1.93%和0.86%~16.00%。粗纤维含量随植物生长呈降低趋势,且8种牧草的含量差异性较大,范围为9.56%~43.01%;粗灰分含量随生长期没有明显的季节动态规律;磷含量随牧草的生长而降低,范围0.04%~0.20%。牧草营养均衡价的评价表明:8种牧草营养均衡价(NB)依次为:梭梭绵刺珍珠柴霸王红砂盐爪爪牛心朴子沙鞭。     

基于改进生态足迹模型的西北地区生态可持续性评价

西北地区的生态可持续状况对于稳定生态环境,改善人地关系具有重要的现实意义。传统生态足迹模型(EFM)中存在诸多不足和缺陷,文中对原有模型进行了改进并对西北地区2012年生态可持续性进行了计算和评价。结果表明:1)西北地区人均生态足迹为2.90hm2/人,人均生态承载力为2.18hm2/人,人均生态赤字为0.72hm2/人,整体的生态结构不合理,处于不可持续状态;2)西北地区各省区的生态足迹差异明显,除青海和新疆为生态盈余外,其它省区均为生态赤字,其中陕西最大,甘肃最小;3)西北地区生态适度人口为0.74×108人,实际人口与生态适度人口的比例是1:0.75,人口数量整体处于超载状态;生态利用效率为0.65万元/hm2。改进生态足迹模型能够较好地评价生态可持续现状,研究方法和结果对于区域生态可持续发展研究具有一定的参考价值。