Spermatogenesis in man: an estimate of its duration

Testicular biopsies were obtained at various intervals after intratesticular injections of tritiated thymidine. Radioautographs revealed that the most mature labeled germ cells were the preleptotene spermatocytes at 1 hour, the midpachytene spermatocytes at 16 days, and the immature spermatids at 32 days after injection. These results indicated that one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium lasts 16 days, and the whole of spermatogenesis is estimated to consume approximately 64 days.     

HETEROGENEITY OF DNA IN DENSITY AND BASE COMPOSITION

Chromatography, on methylated-albumin columns, of DNA from calf thymus, mouse testis, and Bacillus subtilis, yielded, on elution by a sodium chloride gradient, fractions differing in density. The fractions eluted by higher sodium chloride concentrations had lower densities in a CsCl density gradient. Since DNA with higher guaninecytosine content is eluted from the column with lower concentration of sodium chloride and has higher density, the density heterogeneity of DNA is best interpreted as a result of heterogeneity of base composition. An extra band observed in calf-thymus DNA had a higher density than that of the main DNA; it was eluted at a lower concentration of NaCl, indicating a higher content of guanine and cytosine. On the other hand, an additional DNA component in the mouse-testis DNA had a lower density and also it was eluted at a lower salt concentration, possibly an indication of an unusual base component in its structure.     

Physicochemical properties of akabane virus: A member of the simbu arbovirus group of the family bunyaviridae

The multiplication of Akabane virus was not inhibited in the presence of 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, indicating the presence of RNA. The virus was considered to have an envelope, as it was sensitive to ether and chloroform. It was readily inactivated by deoxycholate and trypsin, but was not precipitated by protamine sulphate. The virus was very labile at pH 3 and also rather heat-labile. Akabane virus was readily filtered through membrane filters of 200 or 100-nm pore size, but not through 50-nm filters. Equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient gave a peak of infectivity and hemagglutinin at a density of 1.22 g/ml. The peak fractions thus obtained contained numerous virus particles, roughly spherical, variable in size, 70 to 130 nm in diameter, and mostly having a ragged, closely adherent envelope with projections, when examined, following phosphotungstic acid negative staining, in an electron microscope.     

DETERMINATION OF THE VARIETAL TOLERANCE OF SUGARCANE TO PRE-EMERGENCE DIURON AND ATRAZINE

Summary. Six sugarcane varieties, N: Co 310, F146, F148, F152, F153 and F156, were Found in a field trial to differ in their tolerance to pre-emergence diuron with units of susceptibility of 100, 1·57, 1·20, 1·60, 11·30 and 8·07, and to pre-emergence atrazine of 0·75, 0·97, 0·59, 1·44, 2·42 and 0·78 respectively. Relative tolerance was assessed by subjecting each variety to seven rates of the herbicides in geometric series and calculating the F values for monthly measurements of the cane plants through the growing seasons of both the autumn-planting and ratoon crops. Units of susceptibility of each variety were obtained by transforming each mean F value into a proportion of the value for the standard variety N: Co 310. Any residual effect of the pre-emergence herbicides even at 20 kg/ha a.i. on cane plants was found to be small and insignificant after ploughing field ridges 5 months from cane-planting. With diuron, increasing the rate up to 10 kg/ha began to cause a significant reduction of sugar yield per hectare of cane, while atrazine gave such a reduction only with 20 kg/ha. Détermination de la résistance variétale de la canne à sucre à l'éigard du diuron et de l'atrazine appliqués en pré-levée Résumé. Six variétés de canne à sucre, N:Co 310, F146, F148, F152, F153 et F156, ont manifesté dans un essai au champ des differences de résistance au diuron en pré-levée, avec des mesures de sensibilité de 1,00, 1,57, 1,20, 1,60, 11,30 et 8,07; pour l'atrazine en pré-levée, 0,75, 0,97, 0,59, 1,44, 2,42 et 0,78 respectivement. Une résistance relative fut établie en soumettant chaque variétéà sept doses des herbicides en progression géométrique et en calculant les valeurs de F pour des mensurations mensuelles des plantes de canne, durant la saison de croissance, à la fois pour les plantations d'automne et les repousses de cannes après recépage. Des unités dc sensibilité pour chaque variété furent obtenues en transformant chaque valeur moyenne de F en une proportion de la valeur pour la variety standard N:Co 310. L'effet résiduel des herbicides appliqués en pré-levée, même à 20 kg/ha (m.a.) sur les piantes de cannes fut faible et non significatif apres labour des billons à 5 mois de la plantation des cannes. Avec le diuron l'aecroissement de la dose jusqu’à 10 kg/ha provoqua un commencement de réduction significative de rendement en sucre par hectare, alors que l'atrazine provoqua une telle reduction seulement avec 20 kg/ha. Bestimmung der unterschiedlichen Toleranz von Zuckerrohrsorten gegenüber Diuron und Atrazin bei Vorauflaufbehandlung Zusammenfassung. Im Feldversuch wurde gefunden, dass die sechs Zuckerrohrsorten N: Co 310, F 146, F 148. F 152, F 153 und F 156 sich bei Vorauflaufbehandlung in ihrer Toleranz gegenüber Diuron und Atrazin unterscheiden. Die Suszeptibilitätseinheiten waren für Diuron 1,00, 1,57, 1,20, 1,60, 11,30 und 8,07, für Atrazin 0,75, 0,97, 0,59, 1,44, 2,42 und 0,78. Die Ermittlung der relativen Toleranz erfolgte, indem jede Sorte mit sieben Aufwandmengen der Herbizide in geometrischer Reihe behandelt wurde und die F-Werte für die monatlichen Messungen der Zuckerrohrpfianzen während der Vegetationsperiode berechnet wurden. Die Messungen erfolgten sowohl an im Herbst gepflanztem Zuckerrohr als auch an Wurzelschossen. Die Einheiten der Suszeptibilität für jede Sorte wurden durch Umformung eines jeden mittleren F-Wertes in einen auf die Standardsorte N: Co 310 bezogenen Relativwert erhalten. Die Wirkung von Rücks-tänden der Vorauflaufherbizide auf die Zuckerrohrpflanzen war selbst bei 20 kg/ha Wirkstoff nach Furchenpflügen 5 Monate nach der Auspflanzung gering und nicht signifikant. Diuron begann eine signifikante Minderung des Zuckerertrages pro Hektar hervorzurufen, wenn die Aufwandmenge bis auf 10 kg/ha gesteigert wurde, wahrend Atrazin erst bei 20 kg/ha eine solche Ertragsminderung verursachte.