N2O production in the organic and mineral horizons of soil had different responses to increasing temperature

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The responses of N2O emission to increasing temperature in different soil horizons are not clearly understood yet. Here, we investigated the effects of increasing...     

Biochar-induced changes in soil properties affected immobilization/mobilization of metals/metalloids in contaminated soils

Purpose

Remediation of metal contaminated soil with biochar is attracting extensive interest in recent years. Understanding the significance of variable biochar properties and soil types helps elucidating the meticulous roles of biochar in immobilizing/mobilizing metals/metalloids in contaminated soils.

Materials and methods

Six biochars were produced from widely available agricultural wastes (i.e., soybean stover, peanut shells and pine needles) at two pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and 700 °C, respectively. The Pb-, Cu-, and Sb-contaminated shooting range soils and Pb-, Zn-, and As-contaminated agricultural soils were amended with the produced biochars. The mobility of metals/metalloids was assessed by the standard batch leaching test, principal component analysis and speciation modeling.

Results and discussion

The changes in soil properties were correlated to feedstock types and pyrolysis temperatures of biochars based on the principal component analysis. Biochars produced at 300 °C were more efficient in decreasing Pb and Cu mobility (>93 %) in alkaline shooting range soil via surface complexation with carboxyl groups and Fe-/Al-minerals of biochars as well as metal-phosphates precipitation. By contrast, biochars produced at 700 °C outperformed their counterparts in decreasing Pb and Zn mobility (100 %) in acidic agricultural soil by metal-hydroxides precipitation due to biochar-induced pH increase. However, Sb and As mobility in both soils was unfavorably increased by biochar amendment, possibly due to the enhanced electrostatic repulsion and competition with phosphate.

Conclusions

It is noteworthy that the application of biochars is not equally effective in immobilizing metals or mobilizing metalloids in different soils. We should apply biochar to multi-metal contaminated soil with great caution and tailor biochar production for achieving desired outcome and avoiding adverse impact on soil ecosystem.

     

利用网格法确定县域农田整治优先度

为了科学测算农田整治难度系数,合理确定不同评价单元整治的优先次序,该文根据研究区域农田整治特点,以江苏省宝应县为例,以规则网格为评价单元,从土地利用结构、农田空间格局、可提高生产能力、土壤环境质量、人口社会因素等5个影响因素,构建农田整治优先度评价指标体系。对研究区按1′×1′的经纬度网格划分的532个网格评价单元进行农田整治优先度测算,并根据计算结果,按整治优先顺序将整个研究区划分为近期、中期和远期网格单元,分别占42%、31%和27%。远期网格单元分布在宝应县中部和南部的平原区,该区域农田的连片性、细碎度和质量等别等优于其他区域。研究结果表明,该文提出的区域农田整治优先度评价方法,有助于确定农田整治先后顺序,明确优先开展整治区域和方向。该方法为区域土地整治规划提供支撑,也为中国各县市开展高标准基本农田建设提供科学参考。     

不同改良剂对铅污染砖红壤的修复效果

在未污染的花岗岩砖红壤中加入重金属Pb，平衡两周后在污染土壤上施用不同水平的钙镁磷肥、牛粪、钙镁磷肥＋牛粪等改良剂，以小白菜作为指示作物，根据小白菜生长动态变化和收获后生物量、Pb吸收量、土壤pH、土壤中有效Pb含量等理化性质的差异，来评价各种改良剂对Pb污染砖红壤的改良效果，以便为海南花岗岩砖红壤Pb污染修复提供理论依据。实验结果表明：各改良剂对Pb污染土壤都有一定的修复效果，不同程度的减轻了小白菜的毒害症状，其中钙镁磷肥与牛粪配施处理效果最好，该处理的小白菜不仅生物量高，而且Pb含量较低；其次是钙镁磷肥处理，而改良效果最差的是牛粪，其植株叶片不仅稍有黄化症状，且Pb含量较高     

最小二乘法在水泵试验曲线拟合中的应用

根据目前国内外水泵测试软件中需要曲线拟合的要求,充分考虑了目前水泵试验软件曲线拟合的基础,我们将最小二乘法应用到水泵试验软件中.从软件中实现了流量-扬程曲线的拟合,流量一效率曲线的拟合,流量-功率曲线的拟合,以及流量-汽蚀余量曲线的拟合,并且拟合曲线的多项式方程的次方数和拟合精度可以手动或自动选择,有效避免了目前曲线拟合精度不高的问题.实际试验结果表明将最小二乘法应用在VB开发的水泵测试软件中,绘图准确,曲线美观大方,使用方便,符合国家相关标准的要求,保证了试验的测试精度.     

辣椒倍半萜植保素代谢的分子生态学研究

为建立克隆辣椒倍半萜环化酶基因的cDNA文库,我们尝试了用紫外线（UV）处理离体辣椒叶片,考察UV对辣椒倍半萜环化酶活性的影响,结果表明UV能诱导辣椒叶片表达倍半萜环化酶活性;不同抗性水平的辣椒品种倍半萜环化酶活性对紫外线的反应有差异,紫外线处理后,抗病品种cm334在24 h 出现酶活性高峰,而感病品种subiche在36～42 h出现酶活性高峰; 在紫外线处理后0～24 h cm334的酶活性高于subiche。UV对辣椒倍半萜环化酶活性的诱导作用与UV的作用方式、剂量及辣椒植株的生育期有关, 紫外线交联处理45 s诱导10叶期的倍半萜环化酶活性最高;5支15 W紫外灯相距20 cm照射15 min低于1支相同的紫外灯处理;在相同的UV作用下,开花前辣椒叶片倍半萜环化酶活性显著高于开花以后的辣椒叶片。另一方面,紫外线处理是辣椒叶片中的鲨烯合成酶活性受到一定程度的拟制。     

Starving the soil of plant inputs for 50 years reduces abundance but not diversity of soil bacterial communities

If soil communities rely on plant-derived carbon, is biodiversity lost when this primary source is removed? Soil microbial and mesofaunal communities at the Rothamsted Highfield site were compared under a mixed grass sward, arable rotation and a section maintained as a bare-fallow for the past 50 years by regular tillage. Organic matter reserves have been degraded and microbial and mesofaunal numbers and mite diversity have declined in this unique bare-fallow site, where fresh carbon inputs have been drastically reduced. However, it supports a species-rich metabolically active bacterial community of similar diversity to that in soil maintained as grass sward. Thus in contrast to soil mesofauna, bacterial diversity (but not abundance) is apparently independent of plant inputs.     

Variation and correlation analysis of flavonoids and carotenoids in Korean pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Flavonoids and carotenoids of pigmented rice ( Oryza sativa L.), including five black cultivars and two red cultivars, from Korea were characterized to determine the diversity among the phytochemicals and to analyze the relationships among their contents. Black cultivars were higher in flavonoids and carotenoids than the red and white cultivars. The profiles of eight phytochemicals identified from the rice grains were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the differences among cultivars. PCA could fully distinguish between these cultivars. The Heugjinjubyeo (BR-1) and Heugseolbyeo (BR-2) cultivars were separated from the others based on flavonoid and carotenoid concentrations. Flavonoid contents had a positive correlation with carotenoid contents among all rice grains. The BR-1 and BR-2 cultivars appear to be good candidates for future breeding programs because they have simultaneously high flavonoid and carotenoid contents.     

非洲山毛豆提取物及鱼藤酮对菜粉蝶幼虫和蛹体壁的影响

用非注山毛豆叶丙酮提取物或鱼藤酮点滴处理菜粉蝶幼虫，出现畸形幼虫和畸形蛹，对畸形幼虫和畸形蛹的真皮细胞和内外表皮分别进行了超显微结构观察，发现鱼藤酮及其类似物影响昆虫旧表皮的分解和新表皮的合成是导致虫体畸形的主要原因，并对畸形蛹体壁的几丁质，粗脂肪，粗蛋白的含量进行测定，结果表明处理组与对照组存在明显的差异。     

荔蝽中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性与自然抗药性的关系

本文研究了荔蝽头部乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的季节性变化与自然抗药性的关系,以及敌百虫对AChE的影响,同时运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,探讨了荔蝽酯酶同功酶的变动情况。结果表明:荔蝽正常成虫头部AChE活性在新羽化成虫中最高,比活力达3.5μmol min~(-1)mg~(-1)蛋白质,越冬期最低,仅1.17μmol min~(-1)mg~(-1)蛋白质,到生殖期又上升为2.67μmol min~(-1)mg~(-1)蛋白质。经敌百虫处理后,在新羽化成虫期和生殖期AChE活性有明显被抑制现象,其比活力分别为2.21μmol min~(-1)mg~(-1)蛋白质和2.04μmol min~(-1)mg~(-1)蛋白质,而在越冬期AChE活性几乎不受敌百虫影响,为1.24μmol min~(-1)mg~(-1)蛋白质,同功酶谱也显示AChE在不同季节中无明显变化。