The use of air‐coolers in broiler houses under subtropical conditions in Iraq

1. Under summer conditions in north Iraq, 2 000 chicks were reared for 56 d in two broiler houses. One house was provided with two air‐coolers. The birds were housed at densities of eight to 16 birds/m².

2. Differences in weight gain between birds in cooled and uncooled houses ranged from 101.5 g at eight birds/m² to 385 g at 16 birds/m². Food consumption increased gradually with increasing bird density. Food conversion efficiency, meat yield and carcass conformation were much better in the cooled house than under conventional conditions.

3. The financial return/m² ranged from 2.30 to 4.51 ID¹ in the cooled house, compared with 2.01 to 2.77 ID in the uncooled house at different floor densities.     

Rapeseed Meal and egg taint

1. Certain rapeseed meals in the diet of hens laying brown eggs result in the production, from some birds, of eggs which have a “ fishy ” or “ crabby ” odour because of the presence of trimethylamine.

2. Such susceptible birds have been used to demonstrate that the activity can be extracted from rapeseed meal with appropriate solvents.     

Caspase非依赖性细胞死亡的研究进展

细胞凋亡是一种生理性细胞死亡机制，它是由多基因调控的一种细胞的主动的自杀性过程。一般认为它是由蛋白酶caspases通过两种途径激活的。但是，近年来研究发现除caspases引起的细胞凋亡外，还有caspases非依赖性的细胞死亡形式存在，包括细胞的自我吞噬作用、细胞蛋白酶体的降解和线粒体途径。这些途径无论是在试验的条件下还是在生理或病理的情况下都可以观察到。目前认为凋亡诱导因子(AIF)在caspases非依赖性的细胞死亡中起关键作用。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因在大肠杆菌中表达产物和生物活性

研究了几种Bt cry基因于大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中表达产物在pH 10.0的50mmol/L碳酸钠和20mmol/L乙醇胺溶解液中的溶解性 ,发现同样的Cry蛋白在碳酸钠中的溶解度大于乙醇胺。通过胰蛋白酶消化 ,明确Cry1Ca7、Cry1Ia8酶解产物为 38kD多肽 ;Cry1Ie1、Cry1Cb2、Cry2Ab4酶解产物为 41kD多肽 ;Cry1Ac酶解产物为60kD多肽。采用FPLC层析方法对 6种原毒素及其酶解后得到的毒素多肽进行了分离纯化 ,比较了原毒素和毒素的杀虫活性的差异。其结果表明 ,Cry1Ac的原毒素和毒素对棉铃虫初孵幼虫的校正死亡率均为 100% ,Cry2Ab4的原毒素的毒力高于其酶解毒素。     

台湾樟芝对碳素营养源利用的研究

本文报道了台湾樟芝 (Antradiacomphora)液体深层培养过程中 ,六种不同碳素营养源组成的合成液体培养基 ,对樟芝菌球生长的影响 ,结果表明 ,樟芝对六种碳源均可利用 ,其中以麦芽糖利用效果最佳 ,菌球数量及菌丝体干重均居首位 ,菌球数量是对照的 3 5 5倍 ,菌丝体干重比对照高出1 73倍 ,樟芝对乳糖的利用较差 ,菌球数量虽比CK仅少 2 5个 / 10 0mL ,但菌体干重相差较大 ,每10 0mL相差 2 5 6 9mg。对樟芝发酵液pH测定情况看来 ,不同碳源组成的培养基终止pH表现不同 ,以麦芽糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖为碳源的培养基终止pH为 4 5～ 5 0左右。甘露醇为碳源的培养基终止发酵pH为 3 5～ 4 0 ,而乳糖则为 5 5以上。试验表明 ,樟芝菌丝生长极其缓慢 ,在液体深层培养过程中 ,若培养基配方不合理 ,菌球就不生长 ,本文筛选了适合樟芝深层培养的碳素营养源 ,为樟芝的开发和利用提供了科学依据     

Antiviral Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeβ‐glucan to Swine Influenza Virus by Increased Production of Interferon‐γ and Nitric Oxide

The aim of these experiments was to investigate the potential antiviral effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeβ‐glucan on the pneumonia induced by swine influenza virus (SIV). Forty colostrum‐deprived 5‐day‐old piglets were randomly divided into four groups of 10. The 20 pigs in groups 1 and 2 were administered Saccharomyces cerevisiaeβ‐glucan orally (50 mg/day/pig; En‐Bio Technology Co., Ltd) for 3 days before SIV infection and those in groups 3 and 4 were given culture medium/diluent alone. Groups 1 and 3 were inoculated intranasally with 3 ml of tissue culture fluid containing 2 × 10⁶ tissue culture infective doses 50% (TCID₅₀)/ml of SIV and those in groups 2 and 4 were exposed in the same manner to uninfected cell culture supernatant. The microscopic lung lesions induced by SIV infection (group 1 pigs) were significantly more severe than those induced by infection in animals pre‐administered β‐glucan (group 3) (P < 0.05). Significantly more SIV nucleic acid was detected in the lungs of pigs experimentally infected with SIV only (group 1) at 5, 7 and 10 days post‐inoculation (dpi) compared with lungs from pigs pre‐administered β‐glucan and infected with SIV (group 3) (P < 0.05). The concentrations of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and nitric oxide (NO) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from pigs pre‐administered β‐glucan and infected with SIV (group 3) were significantly higher than for any other group at 7 and 10 dpi for IFN‐γ, and at 5, 7 and 10 dpi for NO (P < 0.05). Saccharomyces cerevisiaeβ‐glucan reduced the pulmonary lesion score and viral replication rate in SIV‐infected pigs. These findings support the potential application of β‐glucan as prophylactic/treatment agent in influenza virus infection.     

察布查尔草原土壤酶活性垂直分布及土壤理化性质相关性研究

土壤酶(soil enzyme)作为土壤生态系统的组分之一,是生态系统的生物催化剂,在土壤物质循环和能量转化过程中起着重要作用。以新疆伊犁察布查尔县1191~2656 m海拔草原黑钙土为研究对象,选择土壤酶进行研究,以期解释土壤酶垂直分布特征及土壤肥力对土壤酶活性的影响。研究不同海拔及土层土壤酶活性变异特征,结果表明,过氧化氢酶活性0.237~0.722 mg·(g·20 min)^-1,碱性磷酸酶活性0.767~2.673 mg·(g·24 h)^-1,脲酶活性0.029~0.106 mg·(g·24 h)^-1,蔗糖酶活性3.384~23.801 mg·(g·24 h)^-1。土壤表层酶活性均大于中、底层,且酶活性随海拔的增加而上升,各土层、海拔间差异显著(P<0.05);通过相关性分析得知0~20 cm土层,海拔与脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.05,r=0.854^**),与蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05,r=0.724^*);20~40 cm土层,海拔与碱性磷酸酶呈显著正相关(P<0.05,r=0.766^*);在40~60 cm土层,海拔与脲酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05,r=0.796^*)。在研究中还发现随土层的增加土壤酶活性与土壤肥力相关性降低。     

Pharmacokinetic profiles of the two major active metabolites of metamizole (dipyrone) in cats following three different routes of administration

This study was performed to determine pharmacokinetic profiles of the two active metabolites of the analgesic drug metamizole (dipyrone , MET), 4‐methylaminoantipyrine (MAA), and 4‐aminoantipyrine (AA), after intravenous (i.v., intramuscular (i.m.), and oral (p.o.) administration in cats. Six healthy mixed‐breed cats were administered MET (25 mg/kg) by i.v., i.m., or p.o. routes in a crossover design. Adverse clinical signs, namely salivation and vomiting, were detected in all groups (i.v. 67%, i.m. 34%, and p.o. 15%). The mean maximal plasma concentration of MAA for i.v., i.m., and p.o. administrations was 148.63 ± 106.64, 18.74 ± 4.97, and 20.59 ± 15.29 μg/ml, respectively, with about 7 hr of half‐life in all routes. Among the administration routes, the area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) value was the lowest after i.m. administration and the AUC_EV/i.v. ratio was higher in p.o. than the i.m. administration without statistical significance. The plasma concentration of AA was detectable up to 24 hr, and the mean plasma concentrations were smaller than MAA. The present results suggest that MET is converted into the active metabolites in cats as in humans. Further pharmacodynamics and safety studies should be performed before any clinical use.