Inoculation of wheat with Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens: Impact on the production and culturable rhizosphere microflora

Scientific evidence recognizes that the operation of a terrestrial ecosystem depends on soil microbial activity. Some Azospirillum strains produce plant growth regulators, increase the development of roots, and fix atmospheric nitrogen (N₂). Some Pseudomonas strains are capable of producing cytokinins and solubilizing organic phosphorus. A sustainability analysis requires a detailed knowledge of the interrelationships between the microorganisms added to the system and those present in the soil. This study examines the effect of three commercial inoculants Azospirillum brasilense Az1 and Az2 as well as Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf on biomass production, grain yield and rhizosphere colonization of wheat, combined with two levels of N-addition. Plate counts of rhizosphere soil showed that the inoculation and N-addition did not affect the number of P. fluorescens, whereas it significantly affected the number of Azospirillum. N-addition and inoculation did not change the communities of actinomycetes and bacteria but they changed the number of fungi at the rhizosphere of wheat plants. Community-level physiological profiles of carbon-source utilization of rhizosphere soil microbial communities were changed after inoculation with Az1, Az2 and Pf depending on the phenological stage of the crop. Although no significant responses were observed, in average, PGPB inoculation increased aerial biomass by 12%, root biomass by 40% and grain yield by 16%. These increases represent important earnings for the farmer and they may help to obtain a greater sustainability of the agroecosystems.     

基于纹理南疆红枣外观品质应用研究

红枣分级技术主要依靠人工分级,造成了生产效率低下,分级精度低。随着无损检测技术发展,利用计算机技术实现红枣的自动分级,已成为较优的红枣分级方法。以南疆红枣外部品质特征为研究对象,应用MATLAB的数字图像处理技术,寻求红枣外部品质特征参数的采集以及分级方法。采用灰度化对红枣图像作预处理以及图像的特征提取,结果表明,该方法可以实现红枣外部特征参数的采集,进而实现南疆红枣的纹理分级,具有实际应用价值,且对今后逐步实现基于机器视觉的红枣外观品质综合分级研究具有指导意义。     

腐殖酸载体微肥效应评价研究

棕、黄腐酸占总腐酸量20%以上时,可增产11.72～29.41%。以腐殖酸为载体的优化组合为:小麦加锌、钼,玉米加锌、硼,油菜加硼、钼,水稻加锌、硼可增产5.87～9.56%。腐微肥作叶面肥时,须兼具营养和生长调节功能。其增产机制主要表现在减少颖花退化,增加结实率和千粒重。     

重庆市土地利用结构效率的空间差异与影响因素探析

随着经济的快速发展和土地利用结构的变化,区域间用地效率的空间差异也日益显著,本文以经济快速发展中的重庆市为例,通过非期望产出模型、泰尔指数和空间自相关等分析方法研究了2004—2013年重庆市的土地利用结构效率及其空间差异和影响因素。结果表明:(1)在研究期内,重庆市的土地利用结构效率呈左斜"M"走向的变化趋势,环境负产出对土地利用结构效率的提高有一定的负面影响,土地利用的纯技术效率是导致技术效率变化的主要原因;(2)泰尔指数的整体走向与土地利用结构效率的走向刚好相反,呈斜向上的"W"趋势,泰尔指数逐渐变大,表明土地利用结构效率在空间上的差距在扩大,组间差距的变大是变化的主要原因;(3)影响因素中除城乡建设用地中的农村居民点用地与土地利用结构效率空间负相关外,经济发展、产业结构、人口城镇化以及土地城镇化与土地利用结构效率均是空间正相关,表明土地的城镇化能够一定程度地实现城乡建设用地结构的内部优化。     

基因枪法获得转基因小麦植株

 利用适用于禾谷类作物的表达载体 pGU4ABBar,采用基因枪法 ,将人工合成的苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因cryIa导入小麦品种扬麦 15 8,经PCR和Southernblot鉴定 ,证明获得 4株导入cryIa基因的小麦转基因植株 ,转化率约为 0 .7% ,并通过Westernblot鉴定检测到了目的蛋白的表达。     

工业人工林发展研究——解决我国木材供需矛盾途径分析之一

从我国工业人工林的发展背景出发 ,论述我国工业人工林发展的意义 ;重点分析我国南方工业人工林经营的技术经济效益、发展中存在的问题以及工业人工林在我国的发展前景 ;找出影响我国工业人工林发展的关键因素 ,在此基础上提出进行制度创新和技术创新为我国工业人工林的发展提供必要的条件和相应技术支持的对策建议     

Porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (mystery swine disease). Isolation in Spain of the causative agent and experimental reproduction of the disease.

In March of 1991, a disease that affected pregnant sows and caused a high mortality in unweaned piglets was detected in Spain. Based on the clinical signs observed, mystery swine disease, which had been described recently in Germany, Holland and Belgium, was suspected. From the samples obtained from the affected farm, a filtrable agent (0.22 micron) was isolated on cell culture. It produced cytopathic effects, its replication was intracytoplasmic, it was sensitive to chloroform, and cross-reacted with a Lelystad reference serum. When inoculated into pregnant sows, the agent produced inappetence for 2-4 days, without hyperthermia. One of the sows aborted at 100 days of gestation; the two others had delayed parturitions (days 115 and 116). There was a mixture of healthy piglets, mummified fetuses, stillbirths and weak piglets. Microscopic examination of the lungs of healthy piglets killed at 8 and 12 days of life revealed the presence of interstitial pneumonia. The sera from the three sows at 39 days after infection cross-reacted with the Lelystad virus (titres > or = 1/640), whereas pre-inoculation sera did not recognize it (titres < or = 1/10). This is the first report from Spain of the isolation of an agent (antigenically related to the Lelystad virus), capable of reproducing the disease previously designated as mystery swine disease.     

Antigenotoxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Acerola Fruit (Malpighia glabra L.) at Two Stages of Ripeness

Genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of acerola fruit at two stages of ripeness were investigated using mice blood cells. The results show that no ripeness stage of acerola extracts presented any genotoxic potential to damage DNA (Comet assay) or cytotoxicity (MTT assay). When antigenotoxic activity was analyzed, unripe fruit presented higher DNA protection than ripe fruit (red color) extract. The antioxidant capacity of substances also showed that unripe samples inhibit the free radical DPPH more significantly than the ripe ones. The results about determination of compounds made using HPLC showed that unripe acerola presents higher levels of vitamin C as compared to ripe acerola. Thus, vitamin C and the complex mixture of nutrients of Malpighia glabra L., and especially its ripeness stages, influenced the interaction of the fruit extract with the DNA. Acerola is usually consumed when ripe (red fruit), although it is the green fruit (unripe) that has higher potential as beneficial to DNA, protecting it against oxidative stress.     

Imaginal discs secrete insulin-like peptide 8 to mediate plasticity of growth and maturation

Developing animals frequently adjust their growth programs and/or their maturation or metamorphosis to compensate for growth disturbances (such as injury or tumor) and ensure normal adult size. Such plasticity entails tissue and organ communication to preserve their proportions and symmetry. Here, we show that imaginal discs autonomously activate DILP8, a Drosophila insulin-like peptide, to communicate abnormal growth and postpone maturation. DILP8 delays metamorphosis by inhibiting ecdysone biosynthesis, slowing growth in the imaginal discs, and generating normal-sized animals. Loss of dilp8 yields asymmetric individuals with an unusually large variation in size and a more varied time of maturation. Thus, DILP8 is a fundamental element of the hitherto ill-defined machinery governing the plasticity that ensures developmental stability and robustness.