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91.
92.
Howard EC Henriksen JR Buchan A Reisch CR Bürgmann H Welsh R Ye W González JM Mace K Joye SB Kiene RP Whitman WB Moran MA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5799):649-652
Flux of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from ocean surface waters is the predominant natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere and influences climate by aerosol formation. Marine bacterioplankton regulate sulfur flux by converting the precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) either to DMS or to sulfur compounds that are not climatically active. Through the discovery of a glycine cleavage T-family protein with DMSP methyltransferase activity, marine bacterioplankton in the Roseobacter and SAR11 taxa were identified as primary mediators of DMSP demethylation to methylmercaptopropionate. One-third of surface ocean bacteria harbor a DMSP demethylase homolog and thereby route a substantial fraction of global marine primary production away from DMS formation and into the marine microbial food web. 相似文献
93.
Adrin Lpez‐Porras Carolina Elizondo Aida J. Chaves Alvin C. Camus Matt J. Griffin Kirsten Kenelty Samantha Barum Elías Barquero‐Calvo Esteban Soto 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2019,50(3):645-658
Edwardsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis are some of the most important fish pathogens affecting global tilapia, Oreochromis spp., aquaculture. In Costa Rica, the aquaculture industry is dominated by freshwater‐cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, which are raised in all seven national provinces. At present, little is known regarding the diversity of pathogens present in these facilities, and definitive identification of agents associated with disease outbreaks are rare. To evaluate the prevalence of common bacterial pathogens in these systems, this study used multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays targeting Edwardsiella, Streptococcus, and Francisella species as a diagnostic and surveillance tool. In 2017, seven different tilapia hatcheries were visited, and 350 fingerlings were subjected to necropsy and molecular diagnostic evaluation. Fish exhibiting gross signs of disease were subjected to histological and microbiological analysis. For the first time, Edwardsiella anguillarum was recovered and molecularly confirmed from diseased tilapia in Costa Rica. In addition, F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis was identified in a region of Costa Rica where it had not been previously reported. 相似文献
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Three commercial trials were conducted to evaluate the use of dexamethasone (Dex) and/ or isoflupredone (Predef) in improving preweaning growth performance of neonatal pigs. The objectives of the commercial trials were threefold: 1) to evaluate Predef in comparison with Dex; 2) to address the sexual dimorphic growth response observed in a previous commercial trial; and 3) to determine whether there is any benefit of providing Dex treatment to pigs being fed supplemental milk. In Exp. 1, 276 pigs (Triumph 4 x PIC Camborough 22) were assigned according to birth weight and sex to three treatments. Treatments included saline (Control), Dex (2 mg/kg BW i.m. injection of Dex), or Predef (2 mg/kg BW i.m. injection of Predef 2X) within 24 h after birth. A treatment effect was observed for BW at weaning (P < 0.001), with pigs injected with Predef being 0.51 kg lighter than Control and Dex-treated pigs. The lower BW of Predef-treated pigs at weaning were a result of a lower ADG (P < 0.001) during the preweaning period compared with Control and Dex pigs. In Exp. 2, 703 pigs (Triumph 4 x PIC Camborough 22) were assigned according to birth weight and sex to three treatments. Treatments included either an i.m. injection of saline (Control), Dexl (1 mg/kg BW of Dex), or Dex2 (2 mg/kg BW of Dex) within 24 h after birth. No treatment effects were observed for BW at weaning (P = 0.24) or ADG (P = 0.19). In Exp. 3, 342 pigs (Genetiporc) were assigned according to birth weight and sex to two treatments. Treatments included either an i.m. injection of saline or Dex (2 mg/kg BW) within 24 h after birth. All pigs were provided supplemental milk from the time of treatment until weaning age. No treatment effects were observed for BW at weaning (P = 0.13) or ADG (P = 0.11). The negative response to Predef was similar to the growth-suppressive effects observed by others using chronic glucocorticoid treatment. In contrast to our previous findings, Dex did not improve preweaning growth performance regardless of dose or supplemental milk. 相似文献
96.
Carroll JA Gaines AM Spencer JD Allee GL Kattesh HG Roberts MP Zannelli ME 《Domestic animal endocrinology》2003,24(4):341-351
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential immunological benefit of adding menhaden fish oil to the diet of weaned pigs. Twenty-four crossbred male pigs were weaned at approximately 18 days of age and placed on a complex nursery diet containing 30% lactose and 7% plasma protein with 6% corn oil as the fat source (Cont, n=12) or with 5% menhaden fish oil and 1% corn oil as the fat source (MFO, n=12) for a period of 15 days. Body weights did not differ (P>0.78) between dietary groups either at the beginning or end of the 15 days feeding period. On day 15, all pigs were non-surgically fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter. On d 16, pigs received an i.v. injection of either saline (n=6/dietary group) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 μg/kg body weight; n=6/dietary group) and blood samples were collected at 30 min intervals for a period of 5 h. Serum was harvested and stored at −80 °C for analysis of cortisol (CS), corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). There was no significant effect of diet on basal concentrations (Time 0) of any of the blood parameters analyzed. A Time×Treatment×Diet interaction (P<0.03) was observed for serum CS such that those pigs which consumed the MFO diet followed by LPS treatment had a reduced CS response as compared to the LPS-treated pigs on the Cont diet. A Time×Treatment interaction (P<0.01) was observed for serum CBG such that LPS treatment reduced circulating CBG as compared to the saline-treated pigs. Time×Treatment×Diet interactions were also observed for serum concentrations of TNF- (P=0.084) and IFN-γ (P=0.022) such that both the TNF- and IFN-γ response to the LPS challenge was lower in those pigs receiving the MFO diet as compared to the LPS-treated pigs on the Cont diet. Overall, serum CS was negatively correlated with the CBG response (r=−0.40, P<0.001), however, the strongest negative correlation was observed in the LPS-treated pigs which consumed the MFO diet (r=−0.63, P<0.001). While further studies are needed to evaluate the immunological response of including MFO in the nursery pig diet, the present study demonstrates that supplementation with MFO does indeed alter the immunological response to an LPS challenge. 相似文献
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98.
A trial was conducted to determine pre- and postweaning performance of pigs injected with dexamethasone either 1 or 24 h after birth. In Exp. 1, 225 pigs (Triumph4 x PIC Camborough 22) were assigned according to birth weight and sex to three treatments. Treatments included either saline (Control), Dex1 (2 mg/kg BW i.m. injection of dexamethasone within 1 h of birth), or Dex24 (2 mg/kg BW i.m. injection of dexamethasone within 24 h after birth). Birth weights (1.56 +/- 0.06 kg) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10) or between sexes (P > 0.10). There was a treatment x sex interaction on BW at weaning (15 d; P < 0.05) with Dex1 and Dex24 males 10% heavier than Control males (4.77 and 4.78 vs. 4.34 kg, respectively), and no significant differences in BW among the females (P > 0.05). In Exp. 2, 180 pigs from Exp. 1 were transported to a segregated early weaning nursery facility where each sex was assigned to 10 pens per treatment (60 pens total). Pigs were fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets in a three-phase feeding program. At the end of Exp. 2 (49-d period), there was a treatment x sex interaction (P < 0.01) for BW with Dex1 and Dex24 barrows being on average 8% heavier than the Control barrows (30.1 and 29.8 vs. 27.7 kg, respectively), and no significant difference in BW (P > 0.10) among the gilts. No treatment differences in feed efficiency (gain:feed) were observed during the nursery period (P > 0.10). In Exp. 3, pigs from the nursery were moved to a finishing facility where each sex was assigned to 4 pens per treatment (24 pens total). All pigs were fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets in a four-phase feeding program with sexes fed separately. Real-time ultrasound was used to measure 10th rib backfat depth and longissimus muscle area. At the end of Exp. 3 (83-d period), there was a treatment x sex interaction (P < 0.05) for final BW with Dex1 and Dex24 barrows being on average 5.45 kg heavier than Control barrows (119.6 and 120.7 vs. 114.4 kg, respectively), and no difference (P > 0.05) in BW among the gilts. No treatment differences (P > 0.10) were observed for backfat depth, longissimus muscle area or gain:feed. These studies demonstrate that dexamethasone (2 mg/kg BW) given within 24 h of birth significantly improves both pre- and postweaning performance of barrows with no beneficial effects on gilts. 相似文献
99.
Escherichia coli is a major pathogen in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. Although classically considered to be an environmental pathogen causing mainly transient infection, the incidence of persistent E. coli mastitis infections may be increasing, suggesting an adaptation of this pathogen to the bovine udder environment. Mastitis E. coli strains have been demonstrated to enter bovine mammary cells in vitro but little is known about the invasion mechanism or the intracellular fate of the bacteria. In order to further understand the pathogenesis of persistent E. coli bovine mastitis we investigated the intracellular trafficking of mastitis E. coli isolates in primary bovine mammary cells using confocal microscopy and fluorescent markers of endocytic compartments. Consistent with other studies, mastitis E. coli were found to invade primary bovine mammary cells in vitro. This process did not involve in the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Intracellular bacteria were observed within membrane-bound compartments that labelled with the early endosomal marker phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and also within late endosome-like compartments labelled with the small GTPase Rab7, indicating an endocytic mechanism of bacterial internalization. Bacteria were not observed within acidified lysosomal compartments or autophagic vacuoles, suggesting that the internalized bacteria are not targeted for lysosomal degradation via either the classical endocytic pathway or the autophagic response. Our findings are consistent with an endosomal survival niche for the internalized bacteria, allowing them to evade host immune responses and establish an infection reservoir that could later re-emerge as a recurrent clinical mastitis episode. 相似文献
100.