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31.
Zosangpuii Amlan Kumar Patra Goutam Samanta Kaushik Pal 《Frontiers of Agriculture in China》2011,5(4):605-611
An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different sources of fats added with an external emulsifier (lecithin)
on the performances of Khaki Campbell Ducks in an eight-week trial. Ducks were grouped into five dietary groups with three
replicates (n = 10) in each group. The ducks were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 3% soybean oil and without emulsifier (C1), 3%
palm oil without emulsifier (C2), 3% soybean oil with emulsifier (T1), 3% palm oil with emulsifier (T2) and 3% lard with emulsifier
(T3). The growth performance of ducks did not vary (P > 0.1) among the dietary treatments. Feed intakes by ducks were also similar (P > 0.1) among treatments within the periods. Similarly, feed intake to gain ratios were not affected by any dietary treatments.
The metabolizability of dry matter, crude protein and nitrogen free extract also did not change (P > 0.1) due to various dietary treatments. However, the metabolizability of fats in all the emulsifier added groups (T1, T2
and T3) was greater (P < 0.05) than the dietary groups without emulsifier (C1 and C2). Various carcass traits such as percentages of hot carcass,
breast, legs, lungs, hearts, gizzard, giblets weights relative to bodyweights did not vary (P > 0.1) among the groups. The carcass yield tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in the T1 than in the C1 group. The moisture, fats, protein and ash composition of meat (percent on
fresh basis) was similar (P > 0.1) among treatments. In conclusion, supplementation of lecithin as an emulsifier to the diets containing different sources
of fats (3%) appears to have no major impact on the overall performances of Khaki Campbell ducks in their grower phase. 相似文献
32.
Jitendra Maharana Banikalyan Swain Bikash R. Sahoo Manas R. Dikhit Madhubanti Basu Abhijit S. Mahapatra Pallipuram Jayasankar Mrinal Samanta 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2013,39(4):1007-1023
In lower eukaryotes-like fish, innate immunity contributed by various pattern recognition receptor (PRR) plays an essential role in protection against diseases. Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-2 is a cytoplasmic PRR that recognizes MDP (muramyl dipeptide) of the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as ligand and activates signalling to induce innate immunity. Hypothesizing a similar NOD2 signalling pathway of higher eukaryotes, the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) of rohu (Labeo rohita) was stimulated with MDP. The data of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed MDP-mediated inductive expression of NOD2 and its down-stream molecule RICK/RIP2 (receptor-interacting serine-threonine protein kinase-2). This observation suggested the existence of MDP-binding sites in rohu NOD2 (rNOD2). To investigate it, 3D model of ligand-binding leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region of rNOD2 (rNOD2-LRR) was constructed following ab initio and threading approaches in I-TASSER web server. Structural refinement of the model was performed by energy minimization, and MD (molecular dynamics) simulation was performed in GROMACS (Groningen Machine for Chemical Simulations). The refined model of rNOD2-LRR was validated through SAVES, ProSA, ProQ, WHAT IF and MolProbity servers, and molecular docking with MDP was carried out in GOLD 4.1. The result of docking identified LRR3-7 comprising Lys820, Phe821, Asn822, Arg847, Gly849, Trp877, Trp901 and Trp931 as MDP-binding critical amino acids in rNOD2. This is the first study in fish to provide an insight into the 3D structure of NOD2-LRR region and its important motifs that are expected to be engaged in MDP binding and innate immunity. 相似文献
33.
Nishant Kambli Shantanu Basak Kartick K. Samanta Rajendra R. Deshmukh 《Fibers and Polymers》2016,17(5):687-694
A natural long staple ligno-cellulosic fibers have been extracted from the cornhusks using an alkali treatment. Physico-chemical properties such as chemical composition, length, fineness, crystallinity, surface properties, etc. measured by standard methods are reported in this paper. The physico-chemical and morphological properties of the extracted cornhusk fibers are discussed in detail and compared with other cellulosic like cotton and ligno-cellulosic fibers such as jute. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphological and cross-sectional view and energy dispersive X-ray and FTIR were used for the identification and quantification of elements, groups present in the cornhusk and other cellulosic and lignocellulosic fibers. In addition, fibers are characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis. Results showed that morphological and physico-chemical behavior is more or less similar to other multicellular ligno-cellulosic fibers like jute. 相似文献
34.
35.
We investigated interannual variability of canopy transpiration per unit ground area (E (C)) and per unit leaf area (E (L)) across seven tree species in northern Wisconsin over two years. These species have previously been shown to be sufficient to upscale stand-level transpiration to the landscape level during one growing season. Our objective was to test whether a simple plant hydraulic model could capture interannual variation in transpiration. Three species, wetland balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill), basswood (Tilia Americana L.) and speckled alder (Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng), had no change in E (C) or E (L) between 2000 and 2001. Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait) had a 57 and 19% increase in E (C) and E (L), respectively, and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) had an 83 and 41% increase in E (C) and E (L), respectively, from 2000 to 2001. Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) had a 50 and 21% decrease in E (C) and E (L), respectively, from 2000 to 2001 in response to complete defoliation by forest tent caterpillar (Malascoma distria Hüber) and subsequent lower total leaf area index of the reflushed foliage. White cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) had a 20% decrease in both E (C) and E (L) caused by lowered surface water in wetlands in 2001 because of lower precipitation and wetland flow management. Upland A. balsamea increased E (L) and E (C) by 55 and 53%, respectively, as a result of release from light competition of the defoliated, overstory P. tremuloides. We hypothesized that regardless of different drivers of interannual variability in E (C) and E (L), minimum leaf water potential would be regulated at the same value. Minimum midday water potentials were consistent over the two years within each of the seven species despite large changes in transpiration between years. This regulation was independently verified by the exponential saturation between daily E (C) and vapor pressure deficit (D) and the tradeoff between a reference canopy stomatal conductance (G (S)) and the sensitivity of G (S) to D, indicating that trees with high G (S) must decrease G (S) in response to atmospheric drought faster than trees with low G (S). Our results show that models of forest canopy transpiration can be simplified by incorporating G (S) regulation of minimum leaf water potential for isohydric species. 相似文献
36.
Coconut fibres were subjected to chemical treatment to obtain softer and finer fibres, suitable to blend with other finer fibre like jute. The chemical softening recipe was optimized using Box-Behnken design of experiments as 40 % Na2S, 10 % NaOH and 6 % Na2CO3, which notably reduced the fineness (33 %) and flexural rigidity (74 %) and improved tensile property of coconut fibre. Effect of softening of coconut fibre on its process performance was studied in high speed mechanized spinning system at different blend ratios with jute. Blending with jute assists in spinning of coconut fibre to produce yarn of 520 tex at production rate of 5-6 kg/h, as compared to 15 kg/day for hand spun 5300 tex raw coconut fibre yarn in manual system. Analysis of blended yarn structure in terms of packing density, radial distribution of fiber components (SEM) and mass irregularity were investigated. SEM shows yarns made from softened coconut fibre -jute blends are more compact than raw coconut fibre -jute blend yarns. Coconut fibres were preferentially migrated to core of the yarn. Major yarn properties viz., tensile strength, and flexural rigidity of raw and chemically softened blended yarns were compared against their finest possible 100 % coconut fibre yarn properties. Yarn made up to 50:50 chemically softened coconut fibre-jute blend showed much better spinning performance, and having superior property in terms of reduced diameter, higher compactness, strength, initial modulus and less flexural rigidity than 100 % raw, 100 % chemically softened coconut fibre rope, and raw coconut fibre-jute blend yarns. 相似文献
37.
Footrot is a highly contagious disease of the feet of ruminants caused by the synergistic action of certain bacterial species of which Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) is the main transmitting agent. The infection is specific to sheep and goats, although it has also been reported in cattle, horses, pigs, deer and mouflon. The antigenic diversity of D. nodosus is due to variations in the DNA sequence of its fimbrial subunit gene (fimA) and provides the basis for classification of the organism into at least 10 major serogroups (A-I and M), the distribution of which varies with different geographical locations. Host immune response to vaccination is serogroup specific. There are three different clinical forms of disease caused by virulent, intermediate and benign strains of D. nodosus, respectively. In order to facilitate rapid and reliable clinical diagnosis, virulence determination, strain differentiation and serogroup identification for effective control measures, immunological tests, DNA probes and PCR based techniques have been introduced. This review summarises the current understanding of the mechanisms of antigenic diversity of D. nodosus as well as advances made in its strain differentiation and diagnosis. 相似文献
38.
Nicola Mori Francesco Pavan Nazareno Reggiani Mirko Bacchiavini Luca Mazzon Samanta Paltrinieri Assunta Bertaccini 《Journal of pest science》2012,85(1):23-28
The phytoplasmas associated with bois noir (BN) tuf-type a are transmitted to grapevines by means of Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret using Urtica dioica L. as the inoculum source. In the period 2003–2008, a research was carried out in six vineyards of northern Italy where a
large amount of nettles in the ditches surrounding vineyards was detected. The aim was to establish the nettle control effects
on the presence of H. obsoletus and new symptomatic grapevines. PCR and RFLP analyses showed the presence of the BN tuf-type a phytoplasmas in symptomatic
grapevines of all vineyards and in the vector. Weed control strategies along ditches were always associated with decreases
in nettle coverage and H. obsoletus numbers. A reduction in the percentage of new symptomatic grapevines occurred in all vineyards except for one vineyard where
the least reduction in nettle and H. obsoletus was observed. The decrease in H. obsoletus population was significantly correlated with a decrease in nettles along ditches, and the reduction in H. obsoletus population was correlated with a decrease in incidence of new symptomatic grapevines compared with the incidence before the
application of weed control measures. Nettle weeding can reduce the incidence of BN tuf-type a, but weed control costs and
impacts need to be considered. 相似文献
39.
Bandyopadhyay S Lodh C Rahaman H Bhattacharya D Bera AK Ahmed FA Mahanti A Samanta I Mondal DK Bandyopadhyay S Sarkar S Dutta TK Maity S Paul V Ghosh MK Sarkar M Baruah KK 《Research in veterinary science》2012,93(2):604-610
Thirty-one shiga toxin-producing (STEC) and 6 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were isolated from 87 raw yak milk and 63 'churpi' samples. Of 18 stx(1) positive isolates (48.6%), 14 carried stx(1c) (77.7%). Subtyping of 28 stx(2) positive isolates (75.7%) revealed the presence of stx(2c) (9, 32.1%), stx(2d) (3, 10.7%), stx(2e) (1, 3.57%) and stx(2f) (3, 10.7%) variants. Furthermore, intimin (eaeA), enterohaemolysin (ehxA), autoagglutinating adhesin (saa), iha (adherence conferring protein), efa1 (EHEC factor for adherence), bundle forming pilli (bfpA) and toxB (type III secreted protein encoded on LEE Island, similar to toxin B of Clostridium difficile) genes were detected in 14, 16, 12, 4, 3, 2 and 2 isolates, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis depicted that both stx(1) and stx(2) or their variants were more likely to occur in isolates from Arunachal Pradesh (p<0.04) rather than Sikkim. Dendogram constructed on the basis of RAPD and ERIC PCR profile distributed the STEC and EPEC isolates in separate clusters irrespective of their sources and serotypes. The STEC and EPEC isolates exhibited resistance against erythromycin, amikacin, azithromycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin+cloxacillin, cephalothin, furazolidone, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline. This is the first ever report on occurrence and characterization of STEC and EPEC isolated from yak milk and milk products. 相似文献
40.
This study concerned the minimum and optimum effective doses of calcium chloride needed for induction of chemosterilization in male albino rats, 30 days after a single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) solution at 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg per 100 g body weight per testis. There was a significant diminution in the relative wet weight of the sex organs (p<0.01), epididymal sperm count (p<0.001), plasma concentration of testosterone (p<0.01), testicular activities of D,3-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (D,3-HSD), 17-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (17-HSD) (p<0.01), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p<0.01), and peroxidase (p<0.01), significant elevations in testicular content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (p<0.01), along with derangement of seminiferous tubular architecture and degeneration of the Leydig cells in the testis and elevations in the concentrations in the plasma of LH and FSH (p<0.01), commencing at a dose of 5 mg, with the greatest effects at a dose of 20 mg. No significant alterations in these factors occurred at the dose of 2.5 mg in comparison to the control that received only the vehicle. There was no significant alteration in the plasma concentrations of prolactin (p>0.05), corticosterone (p>0.05) or fasting blood glucose or in the rectal temperature (p>0.05) at any of the doses relative to the control group, suggesting that this chemosterilizing procedure did not exert any chronic stress on the experimental animals. From these observations, it may be suggested that 5 mg should be considered as the minimum dose, and 10 mg or 20 mg as the optimum dose, whereas 2.5 mg was ineffective for induction of chemosterilization. There would seem to be little point in using more than 20 mg of calcium chloride for this purpose. Intratesticular injection of calcium chloride at an effective dose may be considered as an alternative to surgical castration. 相似文献