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161.
162.
Jaco Bakker Sandra Roubos Edmond J. Remarque Saskia S. Arndt Peter W. Kronen Jan AM. Langermans 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(3):309-319
Objective
To investigate the clinical and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) alfaxalone alone or in combination with buprenorphine, butorphanol or tramadol premedication in marmosets.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover design.Animals
Nine healthy marmosets (391 ± 48 g, 3.7 ± 2.2 years old).Methods
Meloxicam 0.20 mg kg?1 subcutaneously, atropine 0.05 mg kg?1 intramuscularly (IM) and either buprenorphine 20 μg kg?1 IM (BUP-A), butorphanol 0.2 mg kg?1 IM (BUT-A), tramadol 1.5 mg kg?1 IM (TRA-A) or no additional drug (control) were administered to all marmosets as premedication. After 1 hour, anaesthesia was induced with 16 mg kg?1 alfaxalone IV. All animals received all protocols. The order of protocol allocation was randomized with a minimum 28 day wash-out period. During anaesthesia, respiratory and pulse rates, rectal temperature, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, palpebral and pedal withdrawal reflexes and degree of muscle relaxation were assessed and recorded every 5 minutes. Quality of induction and recovery were assessed. Duration of induction, immobilization and recovery were recorded. Blood samples were analysed for aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations. The protocols were compared using paired t tests, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test with Bonferroni's corrections and linear mixed effect models where appropriate.Results
Out of nine animals, apnoea was noted in eight animals administered protocol BUP-A and two animals administered protocol BUT-A. With TRA-A and control protocols, apnoea was not observed. No other significant differences in any of the parameters were found; however, low arterial blood pressures and hypoxia occurred in TRA-A.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Our study employing different premedications suggests that the previously published dose of 16 mg kg?1 alfaxalone is too high when used with premedication because we found a high incidence of complications including apnoea (BUP-A), hypotension and hypoxaemia (TRA-A). Appropriate monitoring and countermeasures are recommended. 相似文献163.
J. Ginn J. Sacco Y. Y. Wong A. Motsinger‐Reif R. Chun L. A. Trepanier 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2014,12(3):227-236
Glutathione‐S‐transferase enzymes (GSTs) play an important role in the detoxification of environmental carcinogens. Defective GST genotypes are over‐represented in human cancers; in particular, low activity GSTT1 genotypes are risk factors for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. We hypothesized that defective GSTT1 genotypes would be associated with lymphoma risk in dogs. To address this, we resequenced the exons, splice junctions, and 3′‐UTR of canine GSTT1 in dogs with lymphoma (n = 93) and age‐matched unaffected dogs (n = 86). Of 27 canine GSTT1 variants identified, the I2+28 G>A was significantly associated with lymphoma [odds ratio (OR) 6.26, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.77–22.2], with the AA genotype found in 18.3% of affected dogs but only 3.5% of controls (P = 0.002). This intronic variant was predicted to perturb GSTT1 mRNA splicing, and may increase lymphoma risk by impairing detoxification of environmental chemicals. Confirmation of this finding in a larger population of dogs may support the inclusion of GSTT1 genotyping in epidemiologic studies of canine lymphoma risk. 相似文献
164.
AM Rao E Richter S Bandow B Chase PC Eklund KA Williams S Fang KR Subbaswamy M Menon A Thess RE Smalley G Dresselhaus MS Dresselhaus 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5297):187-191
Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that are found as close-packed arrays in crystalline ropes have been studied by using Raman scattering techniques with laser excitation wavelengths in the range from 514.5 to 1320 nanometers. Numerous Raman peaks were observed and identified with vibrational modes of armchair symmetry (n, n) SWNTs. The Raman spectra are in good agreement with lattice dynamics calculations based on C-C force constants used to fit the two-dimensional, experimental phonon dispersion of a single graphene sheet. Calculated intensities from a nonresonant, bond polarizability model optimized for sp2 carbon are also in qualitative agreement with the Raman data, although a resonant Raman scattering process is also taking place. This resonance results from the one-dimensional quantum confinement of the electrons in the nanotube. 相似文献
165.
166.
Stefano Monaco David J. Hatch Dario Sacco Chiara Bertora Carlo Grignani 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(3):608-615
The repeated addition of organic materials to the soil greatly affects the physical, chemical and biological characteristics. In the present work, we analyzed changes in soil quality properties of the tilled layer caused by different agronomic managements of maize which supply different amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) through the addition of slurry, farmyard manure or plant residues. The agronomic history of the analyzed soils, which derived from a medium-term (11 yr) field experiment located in NW Italy, represents typical managements of maize for this region. The area is characterized by highly intensive agriculture, with consequent risks to soil degradation that could be limited by the efficient utilization of organic inputs and by recycling within cropping systems, the large amounts of manure that are produced from the many animal breeding farms in this region. We used a combination of both different chemical (soil organic C and total N) and biochemical indicators (potential soil respiration, potentially mineralizable N (PMN) and potential soil microbial biomass (SMB)). We considered the suitability of the selected biochemical indicators to describe the changes in soil characteristics resulting from the past management.The results showed that the application of the different organic materials, in addition to urea-N fertilizer, increased SOM contents and altered the selected soil biochemical properties compared with the unfertilized treatment, especially in the upper 15 cm of the 0?30 cm tilled soil layer. Farmyard manure applications caused the greatest increase in SOM content, PMN and potential SMB, whilst return of maize straw produced the largest increase in potential soil respiration, but had less effect on total soil organic C and SMB. The use of slurry only caused a moderate increase in SOM and showed intermediate changes in biochemical properties. Also, the rate of C accumulation in the soil per unit of C applied was higher for farmyard manure application than for slurry and straw incorporation in the soil. Fertilization with only mineral N did not induce an increase in Corg and Ntot and even reduces soil N mineralization potential.Because of the high variability in the data, potential SMB carbon could be considered as a less successful indicator for differentiating between past agronomic histories and effects on soil quality, whilst microbial activity (measured by potential soil respiration) and PMN, gave a more reliable and useful indication of the amount of easily decomposable organic carbon. 相似文献