Feeding value of pastures for ruminants

Perennial ryegrass is the primary forage component of ruminant diets in New Zealand. It is persistent and palatable, and immature ryegrass has a high nutritive value (NV). However, seed-head development substantially lowers its feeding value (FV) as fibre concentration increases, the rate and extent of digestibility decreases, and voluntary intake declines. Ryegrass pastures are susceptible to accumulation of endophytic and saprophytic fungi in dead material at the base of the sward, especially when mature and laxly grazed. Feeding forage legumes to ruminants grazing grass-dominant pastures will improve animal performance and lessen the reliance on a single species to meet all nutritional requirements.

The FV of forage is a function of intake and NV, measured by chemical analyses and animal feeding trials. Performance of individual animals grazing forages is usually limited by energy intake because structural fibre can slow digestion and clearance from the rumen and because of competition between individuals for available feed. The use of metabolisable energy (ME) content of forage to signify FV can give a reasonable indication of animal performance, but it should be used in conjunction with chemical analyses to improve the accuracy of predictions.

The relationship between FV, pasture production, animal performance and profitability is complex. The importance of skilled management to maintain pasture quality and optimise animal performance under inconsistent climatic conditions should not be underestimated. Acceptable animal performance with minimal veterinary intervention requires good nutrition, but the genetic potential of livestock in New Zealand cannot be met solely by grazing pasture, especially when a high utilisation of pasture is required to maintain quality and profitability.

Producers are responding to industry demands to reduce the seasonality in supply of milk and meat by changing lambing and calving dates, and extending lactation length in dairy cows. Social changes include adoption of once-daily milking in the dairy industry. Some changes have necessitated increased use of supplements and others can be met by feeding forages with a higher FV than ryegrass, all of which require an improved knowledge of feed quality. This information is available through rapid and inexpensive near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis, enabling animal nutritional needs to be balanced by appropriate nutrient supply. It is essential that producers continue to improve animal welfare, limit excessive use of fertilisers and meet the demands of overseas consumers. Good nutrition, with an increased use of legumes and other forages to complement ryegrass pastures, will enable these objectives to be achieved.     

旱泉沟流域次生林演替过程中种群格局动态

对旱泉沟流域的植被种类组成、物种多样性和物种重要值进行调查分析,采用TWINSPAN对旱泉沟流域次生植物群落进行数量分类,从植物群系组成、植物群落之间的生态关系方面,研究旱泉沟流域封山禁牧区植被群落的分布格局,初步探讨乔木树种的演替趋势。研究结果表明：1）采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法,将植被划分为7个群落类型;2）从群落Ⅰ到群落Ⅶ, 乔木、灌木、草本的Simpson优势度指数基本持平,Shannon Wiener多样性指数为乔木<灌木<草本,Pielou均匀度指数为乔木>草本>灌木,物种丰富度逐渐升高。群落的物种组成和空间结构逐渐复杂化,并趋于稳定;3）次生林的演替序列为山杨树Populus davidiana→桦树Betula platyphylla→青海云杉Pica crassifolia,其自然演替顶级为青海云杉。     

天津市农业节水灌溉现状及发展方向

根据天津市农业节水灌溉的现状,分析了目前存在的农业节水工程建设速度缓慢、建设标准不高,管理体制和用水机制不健全,先进的节水技术和管理机制发展不平衡、不普及、不深入等主要问题,并根据山丘区、井灌区、混灌区和旱作区等不同节水类型区域,提出各类型区域发展节水灌溉的重点。     

西藏原始林芝云杉林空间结构参数分布特征

以藏东南波密岗乡自然保护区原始林芝云杉林为研究对象,应用空间结构参数角尺度、混交度和大小比数,建立空间结构参数的三元分布,揭示林分的空间结构特征。结果表明,从一元分布看,林木整体属于随机分布,林分强度混交,树种的优劣程度参差不齐,整体处于中庸状态;在混交度和角尺度分布中,以随机分布和强度混交林木株数最多,大小比-角尺度组合中,均以随机分布轴线和中庸轴线两侧基本对称;三元结构参数组合为强度混交、随机分布、亚优势状态林木分布较多。主要树种的混交程度较高,呈现强度和极强度混交状态;其中林芝云杉和华山松为该群落的优势树种随机分布,其他主要树种都为轻度聚集分布;树种间大小比数差异明显,其中林芝云杉最低,<0.252,处于亚优势状态。全面分析原始林芝云杉林的空间结构,为林芝云杉林结构优化调整提供重要参考,为藏东南天然林可持续发展提供科学依据。     

植物生长素在大果沙棘嫩枝扦插中的应用研究

在温室内对5个大果沙棘品种嫩枝用4种植物生长激素处理进行扦插育苗试验,结果表明,吲哚丁酸和生根粉处理效果显著,浑金和向阳两品种更容易扦插成活。     

Granuloma development in cattle after intratonsilar inoculation with Mycobacterium bovis

OBJECTIVE: To examine the temporal development of tuberculous lesions in cattle inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis. ANIMALS: 15 mature crossbred cows obtained from a herd with no history of M bovis infection. PROCEDURE: Inoculation of cattle was done by intratonsilar instillation of 1.48 X 10(5) to 5.4 X 10(7) colony-forming units of M bovis strain 2045T. At 3 to 4 hours, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks after inoculation, tissues were examined for gross and microscopic lesions and processed for isolation of M bovis. RESULTS: Retropharyngeal lymph nodes from cattle examined 4 weeks after inoculation contained microgranulomas consisting of aggregates of macrophages with few neutrophils. Retropharyngeal lymph nodes from all cattle examined 6 and 8 weeks after inoculation contained multiple, large, coalescing granulomas consisting of central areas of necrosis with mild fibrosis, numerous macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, multinucleated giant cells, and neutrophils. Three of 8 cattle examined 6 or 8 weeks after inoculation had lesions in nonretropharyngeal sites with morphologic characteristics similar to that seen in retropharyngeal lymph node granulomas from cattle examined 4 weeks after inoculation. CONCLUSION: Granulomas can develop in draining lymph nodes of cattle in as little as 4 weeks after inoculation via intratonsilar instillation of M bovis. Intralesional morphologic changes between 4 and 6 weeks after inoculation indicate an increase in cellular chemotaxis and differentiation. Dissemination of bacteria to distant sites most likely was by lymphatic and hematogenous routes after establishment of the primary infection in retropharyngeal lymph nodes.     

蒙古羊卵巢组织差异表达基因ADAMTS1的电子克隆及RT-PCR验证

在单、双羔蒙古羊卵巢组织抑制性消减杂交的基础上,以其差异表达片段ADAMTS1基因序列为种子序列,采用GenBank的BLAST检索系统首先对蒙古羊的ADAMTS1基因序列片段进行了电子延伸,其次在获得蒙古羊AD-AMTS1基因的cDNA全序列后设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法进一步克隆了蒙古羊ADAMTS1基因。结果显示,试验所得序列与电子延伸序列的同源性为99.4%,序列长为2 420 bp包括836 bp 3'UTR区域和1 578 bp的完整开放读码框,共编码525个氨基酸。Blastn比对发现蒙古羊ADAMTS1基因序列与牛、猪和人的同源性分别为94%,87%,82%;对氨基酸序列进行blastp比对发现与牛、猪和人的同源性分别为91%,90%,87%。采用SMART程序预测其结构功能域发现蒙古羊ADAMTS1蛋白质有4个结构功能域:1个富半胱氨酸结构域和3个血小板反应蛋白。     

水分胁迫对水稻品种生理特性的影响

本实验以优质杂交粳稻滇型杂交水稻滇杂31为材料,采用盆栽实验,在水稻孕穗期设5个水分胁迫处理,进行了不同程度的水分胁迫,在水分胁迫结束后,对叶片光合特性、叶片与根系的丙二醛(MDA)浓度、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化进行测定,研究水分胁迫对滇杂31孕穗期生理特性的影响。研究结果表明,孕穗期随着水分胁迫的加剧,滇杂31农艺性状、光合特性显著下降;叶片和根系的MDA浓度、POD活性、SOD活性都有所上升。     

黍族植物的叶片扩张和蒸腾作用对土壤水分亏缺的响应特征

Plant processes, such as leaf expansion, stomatal conductance and transpiration, are affected by soil water, particularly in water-stressed environments. Quantifying the effects of soil water on plant processes, especially leaf expansion and transpiration, could be useful for crop modeling. In order to quantify the leaf expansion and transpiration in response to soil water deficit in three millet species, common (Panicum miliaceum L.), pearl (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and foxtail (Setaria italica L.) millets, a pot experiment was performed at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. The soil water status was characterized by the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Leaf area and transpiration were measured daily. Relative leaf area expansion (RL) and relative transpiration (RT) data were plotted against FTSW. Finally the FTSW thresholds for RL and RT were calculated using linear-plateau and logistic models. The results showed that the thresholds for RL and RT were 0.68 and 0.62, respectively, based on all measured data of the three millet species using the linear-plateau model, indicating that RL and RT were constant when FTSW decreased from 1 to the threshold point. Thereafter, until FTSW = 0, RL and RT declined linearly with a slope of 1.48 and 1.43, respectively. Although millet is cultivated as a resistant crop in arid, semiarid and marginal lands, it showed an early response to soil water deficit at high FTSW thresholds. As leaf expansion and transpiration can be considered morphological and physiological variables, respectively, the results in this study indicate that millet has strong morphological flexibility when faced with soil water deficit.     

苹果离体叶片培养直接体细胞胚胎发生的形态学研究

研究了苹果离体叶片直接体细胞胚胎发生体系和外植体直接体细胞胚胎发生过程中的形态学特征。结果显示 ,苹果直接体细胞胚胎发生过程经历原胚、球形胚、心形胚、子叶形胚、成熟胚等阶段 ;子叶形胚以前的阶段没有观察到形态学多样性 ,发育至子叶形胚期的直接体细胞胚胎表现出形态学多样性 ,分别观察到一子叶胚、两子叶胚、三子叶胚、杯状胚、多子叶胚、畸形胚等 ,这些类型的胚最终都能发育成正常的成熟胚进而发育成小植株。