制动工况下液力偶合器流场湍流模型分析与验证

合理选择湍流模型是获取准确和可靠数值模拟结果的关键。该文采用3种湍流模型(标准k-ε模型、分离涡模型、大涡模拟模型)仿真制动工况下方形腔液力偶合器流场,提取流速场和涡量场。基于粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术测量液力偶合器制动工况下流场,将数值模拟结果与PIV试验结果进行对比,以PIV试验测量结果作为评价基准,分析采用3种湍流模型计算流场结果的差异性,完成湍流模型的适用性分析。结果表明,标准k-ε模型仿真结果与PIV试验结果误差较大;采用大涡模拟模型模拟主流区域流场结构分布更加真实,仿真结果能够较好地解释主流区域多尺度涡旋运动规律和能量耗散机理;采用分离涡模型能够更准确地捕捉近壁面和角涡区高梯度流场结构分布。研究结果可为液力偶合器流场精确计算与性能预测提供参考。     

Different crop rotation systems as drivers of change in soil bacterial community structure and yield of rice, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>

Intensive cropping, especially of rice, is considered to contribute to negative effects not only on soil chemical and biological properties but also on long-term grain yield. Appropriate crop rotation is often practiced as an alternative strategy to overcome the negative side effects of intensive cropping. Although soil microbial diversity and community structure have been shown to respond differently to altered agricultural management practices, little is known about possible links between crop rotation and grain yield on bacterial communities in rice paddy soil. In this study, we investigated the impact of specific rotational crops and compared it with intensive rice cultivation. The main crop rice (Oryza sativa) was rotated with maize (Zea mays) and mungbean (Phaseolus aureus) in different combinations in a system cultivating three crops per year. Soil bacterial communities were studied in two different cropping periods using pyrosequencing of the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA. Our results showed that rotation with alternative crops increased rice yield by 24–46% depending on rotation structure and that bacterial community structure was altered in the presence of mungbean and/or maize compared to that in rice monoculture. In the crop rotation systems, composition, abundance, and diversity of soil bacterial communities were significantly different and higher than those in rice monoculture. Our results show that effects of crop rotation relate to changes in soil bacterial community structure suggesting that appropriate crop rotations provide a feasible practice to maintain the equilibrium in soil microbial environment for sustainable rice cultivation.     

基于RAGA-DP的饲草料作物非充分灌溉制度优化模型

中国北方牧区水资源极其匮乏,灌溉饲草料基地优化配水时,通过对非充分灌溉条件下饲草料作物进行灌溉制度优化可以有效地提高水分利用率及作物产量。该文采用基于实数编码的加速遗传算法（RAGA）与多维动态规划法（DP）相结合,建立了遗传动态规划（RAGA-DP）模型,对内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原区灌溉饲草料地非充分灌溉条件下青贮玉米、披碱草和苜蓿进行了灌溉制度优化,试验验证结果较好,有效地解决了有限水量条件下不同生育期进行优化配水的问题,并通过相对产量与供水量、水分生产率函数和边际产量的关系得到了3种作物的适宜供水量范围。该模型解决了多维动态规划法在作物非充分灌溉条件下灌溉制度优化过程中的早熟现象及易陷入局部最优而难于求得真正最优解的问题。     

戈壁荒漠区光伏发电项目水土流失特征及其影响指数

以河西走廊地区9个已建成的典型光伏发电项目为研究对象,对不同防治分区的水土流失特征进行对比分析,在此基础上应用水土流失影响指数计算、分析和评级方法,计算戈壁荒漠区光伏发电项目的水土流失影响指数。首次指明国内戈壁荒漠区光伏发电项目的水土流失影响指数范围。结果表明：光伏发电项目各防治分区扰动地表面积所占比例从大到小依次为光电池板布置区（68.72%）〉道路区（27.17%）〉其他防治区（1.77%）〉管理区（1.18%）〉施工营地区（1.15%）;挖方量所占比例从大到小依次为光电池板布置区（65.09%）〉道路区（30.45%）〉管理区（1.82%）〉施工营地区（1.48%）〉其他防治区（1.15%）,光电池板布置区和道路区是光伏发电项目施工扰动最大的区域。这些区域的基础开挖、搬运和填筑等土建工程也是产生水土流失的重点环节,戈壁荒漠区光伏发电项目建设的水土流失影响指数为0.419。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区不同植被类型的土壤水分特征及其稳定性

[目的]研究5种不同植被类型土壤水分动态特征,为区域内优化配植模式提供理论依据。[方法]以甘肃省定西市半干旱黄土丘陵区5种典型的植被类型为研究对象,使用土壤水分速测仪对2017,2018年0—200 cm土层土壤含水量进行观测,并对不同植被类型土壤水分特征及其稳定性进行分析。[结果]①不同植被类型土壤水分呈现出:山杏×侧柏混交林地(11.24%)退耕苜蓿草地(10.97%)自然荒地(10.66%)退耕林地(9.99%)柠条林地(9.55%)。②5种植被类型在0—200 cm土层依据有序聚类法可分为动态变化层(0—40 cm),利用层(40—100 cm)和弱利用层(100—200 cm)3个层次。在动态变化层(0—40 cm),土壤水分呈现出:自然荒地(14.23%)最高,柠条林地(11.04%)最低;在利用层(40—100 cm):退耕苜蓿草地(12.16%)最高,柠条林地(9.15%)最低;在弱利用层(100—200 cm):自然荒地(10.81%)最高,退耕林地(8.61%)最低。③不同植被类型土壤水分土层稳定性(变异系数)呈现出:退耕林地(19.9%)山杏×侧柏混交林地(21.3%)自然荒地(21.9%)退耕苜蓿草地(22.6%)柠条林地(23.6%)。④不同植被类型土壤水分时间稳定性(变异系数)呈现出:自然荒地(25%)退耕林地(25.2%)山杏×侧柏混交林地(26.5%)柠条林地(27.1%)退耕苜蓿草地(31.9%)。[结论]柠条林地土壤水分含量最低,在土层和时间上不稳定,山杏×侧柏混交林地较其他植被类型土壤水分含量更高,更具有稳定性。     

基于粒子图像测速技术的液力变矩器涡轮内流场测试与分析

液力变矩器是自动变速器的主要部件,其在乘用车、载重汽车、公共汽车和机车上的应用广泛。液力变矩器内部流动特性影响其外部性能,为了深入研究其内部流动特性,基于粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术对液力变矩器涡轮内流场进行试验研究。采用帧频为1 000帧/s的CCD高速相机,在不同工况下(输入与输出的转速比分别取0、0.3、0.5、0.7)采集不同粒子直径、不同粒子浓度下的流动图像,经过图像预处理,对连续两帧图像进行互相关计算,获得涡轮径向切面的速度场和涡量场。通过对流场分布结构和流动区域上复杂流动现象的对比分析,发现投入流场中粒子浓度越高(1 500mL蒸馏水中投入2.4 g粒子)、粒子直径越小(10μm)时,识别并提取流动区域上的流动参数越丰富,流速场和涡量场信息越可靠。液力变矩器内部高梯度流场分布结构和非均匀流速场分布导致出现多尺度涡旋和反向流等复杂流动现象,造成液力变矩器内部流动能量损耗,随转速比提高,涡轮流场结构趋于规律,能耗逐渐降低。该文试验测量与分析结果对于液力变矩器结构优化和性能提升提供了参考。     

羊支原体性肺炎两标准株对抗菌药物敏感性的研究

本实验测定了环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、单诺沙星、红霉素、罗红霉素、泰勒菌素、泰妙菌素、四环素等8种药物对羊肺炎支原体两个标准株Y98和Y-goat的体外抑菌浓度以及红霉素与氧氟沙星、泰勒菌素对Y-goat和四环素与氧氟沙星、泰勒菌素对Y98的联合药敏作用。对羊肺炎支原体两个标准株对抗菌药物的敏感性进行了分析。     

利用脉搏波参数间接测定大鼠动脉血压的一种方法

通过提取动脉脉搏波特征参数,建立了间接测定大鼠动脉血压的多元回归方程。结果表明:脉搏波周期、K值、脉搏波波图面积等参数与动脉收缩压有较好的相关性,与颈动脉有创血压测定法数值比较,有较小差异(P>0. 05),表明所筛选的脉搏波特征参数能准确地反映动脉的每搏收缩压值,但与舒张压相关性较差。该方法简便、准确、稳定性好,便于长期动态观察。     

秸秆或粉煤灰添加对砂姜黑土持水性及小麦抗干旱胁迫的影响

针对黄淮海平原典型中低产土壤砂姜黑土黏粒含量较高,土壤有效水分库容较低,严重限制作物生产的现状,该文采用盆栽试验,研究了不同外源改性物料的添加对土壤持水性能及小麦生理的影响,以期获得农田水分管理过程中的关键参数。盆栽试验设置常规氮磷钾(control,CK),常规氮磷钾配施下的添加秸秆(straw returning,SR)、秸秆碳(straw carbon,SC)和粉煤灰(fly ash,FA)处理,维持土壤相对含水率在80%,培育小麦至抽穗期,开展为期10 d的干旱胁迫试验。结果显示SR和SC处理提高了土壤持水能力,且处理间的差异较小;FA处理因其表面富含大量疏水性结晶矿物,土壤相对含水率下降较快,迟效水含量显著低于其余处理,但土壤速效水含量显著提高。不同改性措施均有提高小麦叶片相对含水率,减轻干旱胁迫的趋势,但在极端干旱胁迫下,FA处理叶片相对含水率不仅明显低于其余处理,且作物体内积累大量丙二醛、过氧化氢等有害物质。田间管理中砂姜黑土相对含水率应维持在38%(SR)、36.5%(SC)和24.5%(FA)以上,当土壤相对含水率低于30.78%(SC)、28.43%(SR)和22.5%(FA)时将会对作物生理产生不可逆的伤害。鉴于秸秆优良的保水性能,粉煤灰“富水,不保水”的特性,秸秆与粉煤灰的配合施用将利于砂姜黑土的改良。相关机制值得进一步研究。     

Under drought conditions NaCl improves the nutritional status of the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum but not of the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum is a salt‐accumulating xerophytic species with excellent adaptability to adverse environments. Previous studies demonstrated that Z. xanthoxylum absorbs a great quantity of Na⁺ as an osmoregulatory substance under arid conditions. To investigate the nutritional status of Z. xanthoxylum in comparison with a typical glycophyte, Arabidopsis thaliana, seedlings were exposed to NaCl (50 mM for Z. xanthoxylum and 5 mM for A. thaliana), osmotic stress (–0.5 MPa), and osmotic stress combined with the NaCl treatment. Compared to the control, NaCl treatment or osmotic stress significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, but not of A. thaliana. Under osmotic stress, the addition of NaCl significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, resulting in improved biomass and tissue water content. However, such changes were not observed in A. thaliana. Compared to the control, K⁺ concentrations in leaves and roots remained unchanged in Z. xanthoxylum when exposed to osmotic stress, with or without additional 50 mM NaCl. In contrast, significant reductions in shoot K⁺ concentrations of A. thaliana were observed under osmotic stress alone or when combined with 5 mM NaCl. Moreover, NaCl alone or when combined with osmotic stress enhanced the accumulation of N, P, Fe, Si, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in Z. xanthoxylum, but did not cause such nutritional changes in A. thaliana. Compared to the glycophyte A. thaliana, Z. xanthoxylum could accumulate Na⁺ and maintain the stability of nutritional status at a relatively constant level to cope with drought stress.