恩拉霉素的研究进展

概述了恩拉霉素的理化特性、药效学、毒理学和临床应用研究进展,展望了今后恩拉霉素的研究方向.     

部分国家和地区猪链球菌的耐药性及耐药机制研究进展

猪链球菌病作为一种具有重要公共卫生意义的疾病,其防治一直是人们关注的焦点。为了了解猪链球菌对于各种抗生素的耐药情况以及耐药机制的研究进展,作者查阅了相关资料,对部分国家和地区进行的相关研究进行综述,以期对耐药性和耐药机制的研究以及临床用药有所帮助。     

猪细小病毒基因组结构及检测技术研究进展

猪细小病毒是引起母猪繁殖障碍性疾病的主要病原体之一,对猪细小病毒的基因组、转录、编码的结构蛋白和非结构蛋白、转录的调控及血清学诊断、分子生物学检测技术方面的研究进展予以综述,以期对其进一步研究有参考价值。     

Organotypic slice culture of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rat

Organotypic slice cultures have been developed as an alternative to acute brain slices because the neuronal viability and synaptic connectivity in these cultures can be preserved well for a prolonged period of time. This study evaluated a stationary organotypic slice culture developed for the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rat. The results showed that the slice cultures maintain the typical shape of the nucleus, the immunocytochemical signals for oxytocin, vasopressin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone, and the electrophysiological properties of PVN neurons for up to 3 weeks in vitro. The PVN neurons in the culture expressed the green fluorescent protein gene that had been delivered by the adenoviral vectors. The results indicate that the cultured slices preserve the properties of the PVN neurons, and can be used in longterm studies on these neurons in vitro.     

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitory effect of Vitis vinifera

Activity-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of Vitis vinifera bark led to the isolation of epsilon-viniferin, ampelopcin A, vitisin A and vitisin B. Vitisin A and vitisin B showed a remarkable inhibitory activity against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase with IC50 value of 42.1 microM and 23.9 microM, respectively.     

Mutation of the SP1 gene is responsible for the small-panicle trait in the rice cultivar Tachisuzuka,but not necessarily for high sugar content in the stem

Tachisuzuka, a rice cultivar grown for whole-crop silage, is characterized by the small-panicle trait and high-stem sugar content. To investigate the interrelationship between the two features, we attempted to identify the gene responsible for the small-panicle trait in Tachisuzuka, and also to examine the function of the gene using a knockout mutant line. A functionally disruptive deletion of the nucleotide sequence was found in the gene SP1 (Short-Panicle 1; Os11g0235200) in Tachisuzuka, which has been reported as a candidate gene for the small-panicle trait. A gene knockout mutant of SP1 obtained from the cultivar Nipponbare showed a small-panicle phenotype similar to that observed in Tachisuzuka. However, soluble sugar content in the stem did not increase in the knockout line, whereas starch content increased significantly. Overall, disruption of SP1 is responsible for the small-panicle phenotype of Tachisuzuka, but it is only partially associated with the high-stem sugar content.     

关于加强我国兽药监管体系建设的思考

《农产品质量安全法》的颁布和实施，标志着我国农产品质量安全监管工作进入新阶段，兽药作为保障动物性产品安全的农产品生产过程中的重要投入品，其监管工作尤其令人关注。作者曾在基层挂职从事兽药监管工作，对我国兽药监管体系建设，尤其是市县级兽药监管现状十分担忧。特撰文阐述了兽药及兽药监管工作的重要性，分析了目前我国兽药及监督管理体系现状、面临的任务及存在问题，指出了我国市县级兽药监管系统存在监管主体不明确、监管体系不健全、行政管理和执法能力较弱、经费保障机制不到位、队伍素质不高、宣传培训不够等问题，并对此提出了解决问题的建议与对策。各级农牧部门应借兽医管理体制改革的东风，加强监督管理体系建设，进一步加强兽药监督队伍建设，加大兽药监督工作的经费支持力度，切实加强兽药监督管理工作。[编者按]     

Low-Cost Live Insect Scouting Drone: iDrone Bee

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones) are a common tool for many civil applications, including precision agriculture, transportation, delivery services, rescue missions, law enforcement, and more. Remote sensing technologies used in conjunction with drones are a dominant application in precision agriculture. Multispectral instrumentation attached to UAVs allows the user to observe multiple parameters, including the normalized difference vegetation index which can represent crop stresses induced by various factors (e.g., drought, insect outbreak, nutrient loss, and other diseases). However, little research has been done to apply drones to accomplish a mission-oriented actionable task in agriculture, such as insect sampling. We propose a low-cost, open source-based live insect scouting drone named ‘iDrone Bee’ to benefit the integrated pest management (IPM) community by minimizing time and efforts of human interventions while collecting live insects in agricultural fields. Herein we present instruction and operation procedures to build and operate an iDrone Bee for insect scouting in an agricultural ecosystem and validate the system in an alfalfa seed field. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that a drone-based insect scouting method may be a valuable tool to benefit the IPM community.     

A benefit incidence analysis on the far-reaching effects of paddy-field consolidation projects

A paddy-field consolidation (PC) project was carried out with large subsidies as a public investment by prefectural governments in order to improve agricultural productivity in Japan. The purpose of this study is to analyze the quantitative benefits and costs of the PC projects. A benefit incidence (BI) analysis was used in view of the far-reaching effects on farmers to consumers. The results were as follows. First, with the recent decline in rice price, certain farmer benefits primarily derived from the projects have been transferred to consumers through rice price. The transfer ratio was more than half of the total improvement effect of rice productivity which occurred on the farmers’ side, and all economic sectors including farmers and consumers received net benefit even though all sectors paid construction costs or taxes. Therefore, maintaining flexibility in rice price plays an important role to secure net benefits and obtain an agreement of all people involved in the project. Second, some benefits with regard to effects on the rural environment that was not expected at the time of planning were revealed on many project sites. Evaluating these intangible effects will be more important for the tax payers in order to evaluate how the environment friendly planning of the project achieved benefits.

Effect of fiber diameter on surface morphology,mechanical property,and cell behavior of electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) mat

In this study, electrospinning of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and its optimum preparation conditions were examined in detail using various solvent systems, such as formic acid, dichloromethane/dimethyl formamide (DMF), chloroform/DMF, and dichloroethane. The average fiber diameter of the electrospun PCL mat was controlled by the solvent used with a proper concentration of PCL dope solution. Different fiber sizes (0.1, 0.8, 1.9, and 3.4 μm) of uniform PCL mats were fabricated and the effects of fiber size on surface morphology, tensile properties and cell behavior were investigated. Here, we manipulated much broader range of average fiber diameter of the mats, from nano to several micron size of fiber. It was found that the fiber diameter greatly affected topology (surface roughness) and mechanical properties of the electrospun PCL mat and consequently, they influenced the cell behavior (adhesion and proliferation) significantly. We expect that these results will provide more feasible application of electrospun PCL scaffold in tissue engineering through the co-relations in structure and property of PCL fiber mat on cell behavior.