黄瓜根部施用化学物质对其霜霉病诱导抗性的研究

分别用几种化学物质从黄瓜幼苗子叶期开始进行根部诱导，结果表明，在自然病原激发病害试验和在人工接种病原激发病害试验中，经苯酚、脲素、无水对氨基苯磺酸和氯化钾诱导的黄瓜植株病株率和病叶率下降显著。对可产生诱导免疫效果的化学物质分析发现，氨类和苯类物质及钾的氯化物与黄瓜叶片对霜霉病的抗性有极为密切的关系。     

Antioxidant activities of dioscorin, the storage protein of yam (Dioscorea batatas Decne) tuber

Dioscorin, the storage protein of yam (Dioscorea batatas Decne) tuber (which is different from dioscorine found in tubers of Dioscorea hirsuta), was purified to homogeneity after DE-52 ion exchange column according to the methods of Hou et al. (J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 2168-2172). A single band of 32 kDa dioscorin was obtained on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel with 2-mercaptoethanol treatment. This purified dioscorin was shown by spectrophotometric method to have scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in a pH-dependent manner. There is a positive correlation between scavenging effects against DPPH (8-46%) and amounts of 32 kDa dioscorin (5.97-47.80 nmol) added in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9), which are comparable to those of glutathione at the same concentrations. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry for DPPH radical detection, it was found that the intensities of the EPR signal were decreased by 28.6 and 57 nmol of 32 kDa dioscorin in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) more than in distilled water compared to controls. EPR spectrometry was also used for hydroxyl radical detection. It was found that 32 kDa dioscorin could capture hydroxyl radical, and the intensities of the EPR signal were significantly decreased dose-dependently by 1.79-14.32 nmol of 32 kDa dioscorin (r = 0.975) compared to the control. It is suggested that 32 kDa dioscorin, the storage protein of yam tuber, may play a role as antioxidant in tubers and may be beneficial for health when people take it as a food additive or consume yam tubers.     

不同热解温度生物质炭对羊粪堆肥过程氮素损失的减控效果

为探讨高温堆肥中氮素损失的有效控制技术，以2种不同热解温度制备的稻壳生物质炭为堆肥添加剂，与羊粪、食用菌渣混合，进行了43 d的堆肥试验。设置了3 个处理，羊粪与食用菌渣质量比9:1混合体作为预备物料，在预备物料上分别添加450、650 ℃热解的生物质炭（占预备物料质量百分比15%）为B1、B2处理，在预备物料上添加未热解的稻壳（与生物质炭等体积）为CK处理。监测了堆肥体的温度、NH3挥发、N2O排放、pH值等参数变化动态，分析了不同热解温度生物质炭在堆肥中的保氮效果。结果表明，B1、B2处理促进了堆肥初期的温度快速上升，堆肥体初次升温至55 ℃所需时间分别较CK 缩短了2、6 d，B2 处理的促升温、增温效应优于B1 处理；堆肥43 d 后，CK、B1 与B2处理的NH3挥发累积量分别为378.12、117.22、94.16 mg/kg，N2O排放累积量分别为13.9、26.3、23.6 mg/kg，氮素损失率分别为47.8%、34.1%，30.5%；B1、B2处理增加了堆肥体N2O排放，降低了堆肥体NH3挥发，整个堆肥过程中N2O排放累积量远小于NH3挥发累积量，添加生物质炭对堆肥过程氮素损失表现为正向的减控作用，B1、B2处理的氮素损失率分别较CK处理降低了28.6%、36.19%，B1、B2处理之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。综合堆温快速上升、氮素损失控制等指标，B2处理对羊粪堆肥过程保氮效果优于B1处理；堆肥工程中应用生物质炭减控氮素损失及提高堆肥质量，优选热解温度650 ℃制备的生物质炭。     

"三明三暗"问题对水土保持监督执法影响的探讨

依法行政,要求行政机关及行政执法人员,既要作为,又不能滥用职权;既要到位,又不能越位;既要不越位,又不能缺位。但由于种种原因,行政机关及工作人员,具体行政行为存在明作为,暗不作为;明到位,暗不到位;明不越位,暗越位的现象。笔者就“三明三暗”问题对水土保持监督执法的影响以及解决的途径进行了探讨。     

麦茬稻壮秧稀植最化指标与配套技术

对麦茬稻进行了品种、密度、育秧、施肥、喷剂试验。结果表明，壮身稀植与高穗重品种、N素V字施肥是统一的。提出高产理想株型、稀植程度和产量结构，肯定了湿润育秧方式，证实了N、P、K、Zn配合、施Si、喷胆碱复合物和水稻微肥的增产作用。     

基于Voronoi图的单粒播玉米产量效果的蒙特卡罗模拟

为了明确在单粒播种条件下田间出苗率对玉米产量的影响,以蒙特卡罗二项分布作缺苗模拟,以Voronoi图分配缺苗土地,通过对产量-密度方程进行数学恒等变换计算产量补偿,模拟了2种单粒播策略的玉米产量随出苗率(75%~95%)的变化。结果表明,缺苗斑数目与出苗率呈单峰曲线关系,缺苗斑大小随出苗率呈负指数下降;单粒播造成0.06%~16.78%的减产,且减产率随出苗率下降而增加;两种单粒播策略的产量大小和产量稳定性均有差异,且差异随出苗率下降而扩大。该研究推荐的玉米单粒播策略是:在千方百计提高出苗率基础上,播种的种子数目应当等于目标种植密度除以出苗率、保证出苗的植株数目达到推荐种植密度。该结论对于在玉米生产上广泛采用单粒精量播种具有重要参考价值。     

鸡体鸡笼阻挡对密闭鸡舍气流运动影响的数值研究

在建立密闭式鸡舍机械通风系统气流运动方程的基础上,推导了由流函数和势函数表示的气流运动控制方程。根据能量变分原理,导出了平面等参可变节点的统一有限元模型。重点讨论了流函数形式下的多连通域(即鸡舍内存在阻挡物)方程的数值分析法。提出了采用流场叠加法求解时的两种内边界条件确定方法:①切向循环速度为零条件:在任一封闭内边界上切向循环速度为零;②能量最小条件:真实内边界条件使整体流场的能量最小。通过上述两种条件建立了原方程的补充代数方程,使问题得到了圆满解决。运用数值模拟,比较了横向通风与纵向通风系统在舍内气流分布型式上的特点。结果表明,在纵向通风形式下,鸡舍内的气流分布非常均匀,鸡体鸡笼等障碍物对空气运动的阻挡作用不十分明显。相反,横向通风系统的气流分布极不均匀,尤其下部鸡笼周围的气流速度大大降低。     

填埋复垦侵蚀沟的导排水功能和秸秆腐解速率

秸秆填埋复垦技术主要用于修复东北地区耕地中的侵蚀沟，研究复垦后原沟道的导排水能力以及秸秆的腐解速率，旨在为沟毁耕地修复提供科学依据。该研究在黑龙江省海伦市光荣村选取一条复垦后的侵蚀沟为试验区，对土壤入渗能力、渗井入渗能力、秸秆层的持水能力、复垦后的土体排水能力系统测定分析，评价复垦后的导排水能力；对填埋不同年限的秸秆取样分析，评价秸秆腐解速率。结果表明：1）复垦后原沟道位秸秆层储水量为463 kg/m3，雨季产生径流能够完全被秸秆层储存，复垦后耕地能承受44～80 mm/h的均匀降雨，95%的地表汇流转为地下径流，大大减少径流对地表的冲刷，实现了变地表径流为地下导排水，复垦后未二次冲刷成沟。2）秸秆捆的厚度平均每年下降1.4 cm，秸秆层下降部分可被春季翻耕以及雨季汇流带来的泥沙沉积填充，复垦后原沟道位未出现塌陷。3）经过20 a的填埋，秸秆不同组分的腐解速率不同，其中半纤维素与纤维素腐解较快，木质素几乎不发生腐解，其占比由26.8%上升至38.8%。填埋的秸秆长期处于厌氧环境，且被水浸泡，约半年处于冻结状态故腐解缓慢。秸秆填埋侵蚀沟，可以修复沟毁耕地，实现复垦和地块的完整，可广泛用于东北黑土区约20万条耕地中侵蚀沟的修复。     

A specific and potent inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis possessing a dioxolane ring

Screening for brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitors was performed to find azole derivatives that induced dwarfism, to resemble brassinosteroid-deficient mutants in Arabidopsis, and which could be rescued by brassinosteroid. Through this screening experiment, propiconazole fungicide was selected as a likely inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis and, thus, propiconazole derivatives with optimized activity and selectivity were synthesized. The biological activity of these compounds was evaluated by examining cress stem elongation. Among the compounds tested, 2RS,4RS-1-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (12) showed the most potent capability to retard cress stem elongation in the light. The compound-induced hypocotyl dwarfism was restored by the coapplication of 10 nM brassinolide but not by 1 microM gibberellin. These results suggest that 12 should affect brassinosteroid biosynthesis. The potency and specificity of 12 were greater than those of brassinazole, a previously reported brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor.