河套灌区覆盖对盐渍土壤养分迁移与分布的影响

在河套灌区对盐渍土壤覆盖后进行秋浇田间试验,研究不同覆盖下秋浇、冻融及玉米生育期3个阶段的土壤养分含量变化规律。试验设7个处理,分别为秸秆覆盖量1.2(F1.2)、0.9(F0.9)、0.6(F0.6)、0.3 kg/m2(F0.3)、玉米整秆覆盖(YZ)、地膜覆盖(DM)、未覆盖(CK)。结果表明,秋浇后地下水位较高,秋浇至冻融期间土壤水分与地下水具有补排关系,土壤养分的转化、迁移同时发生,秋浇后至冻融期内土壤养分的变化规律复杂;地表覆盖改变了土壤的水土环境,不同处理间养分含量存在差异,在试验期内全效养分的变化幅度较小,速效养分变化幅度较大;分析玉米播前耕层土壤供肥能力,秸秆覆盖处理的全氮、全磷含量小但供应强度大,春播时需补充氮肥、磷肥,以保证作物的生长。秸秆覆盖处理的全钾含量与钾素供应强度均高于CK,与CK相比较,秸秆覆盖使耕层土壤较好地满足了玉米播种及后续生长过程中的钾肥需求;相同施肥条件下,经过一年试验后,对于土壤耕层,处理DM的全氮含量较试验前降低了0.10 g/kg,其余处理变化幅度较小。各处理的全磷含量较试验前增加。处理CK、DM的全钾含量较试验前增加,处理F1.2、F0.9降低了全钾含量。处理YZ、F1.2和DM的碱解氮含量升高,其余处理则降低。各处理的速效钾、速效磷含量均较试验前升高。处理F1.2、F0.9和CK的有机质含量较试验前增加,其余处理则降低。     

番茄采摘机器人机械臂避障路径规划

以关节型机械臂避开垂直茎秆或撑杆采摘番茄为研究对象,提出了一种基于构形空间的关节型机械臂避障路径规划方法.利用空间映射原理,将关节型机械臂工作空间的三维避障问题转换为平面R-R机械臂避开障碍圆的问题,用临界碰撞关节角建立C-障碍空间的映射计算模型,将工作空间的位置避障转换为构形空间连杆关节角的计算.以能量最优函数优选避障规划的关节终点角度,利用A*算法计算平面R-R机械臂的避障关节角路径,获得一系列表示空间连杆位置的相交竖直面,并在竖直面内进行其余关节角的规划.避障采摘番茄的试验表明,机械臂带动夹持器能成功绕过直线状障碍物,引导夹持器到达果实目标位置,证明对平面R-R机械臂的空间映射建模是正确的,验证了提出的避障路径规划方法是可行的,可以应用于番茄的自动收获.     

Impact of 1-methylcyclopropene and methyl jasmonate on apple volatile production.

Climacteric Fuji apples were treated with 10 microL x L(-1) MCP (1-methylcyclopropene), 2 mmol x L(-1) MJ (methyl jasmonate), or a combination of 10 microL x L(-1) MCP and 2 mmol x L(-1) MJ. Fruit were kept at 20 degrees C for 15 days after treatment. Production of ethylene and other volatile compounds was measured prior to and 3, 7, 11, and 15 days after treatment. Ethylene production decreased 3 days following MJ treatment and then increased. MCP treatment alone or in combination with MJ inhibited ethylene production. MJ and MCP inhibited production of many volatile alcohols and esters. The production of individual alcohols and esters appears to be differentially inhibited by MJ or MCP. MJ and MCP inhibited not only production of alcohols but also formation of esters from alcohols.     

Development of apple superficial scald, soft scald, core flush, and greasiness is reduced by MCP.

1-Methylcyclopropene (MCP) was used to evaluate the role of ethylene in development of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) physiological disorders during storage. Granny Smith, Red Chief Delicious, and Fuji apple fruit were treated with MCP at a concentration of 1 microL L(-)(1) for 12 h at 20 degrees C. For all varieties stored at 0 degrees C, ethylene production and respiration rates were reduced for several months following MCP treatment, and firmness and titratable acidity of treated fruit were higher compared to controls. Apples treated with MCP did not develop superficial scald or peel greasiness through 6 months storage plus ripening at 20 degrees C for 7 days. Core flush was not observed in MCP-treated fruit until 6 months after treatment when the incidence was still lower compared to control fruit. MCP delayed the rise in production of alpha-farnesene and reduced accumulation of its oxidation products.     

Determination of chlorate and chlorite and mutagenicity of seafood treated with aqueous chlorine dioxide.

The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) as a potential substitute for aqueous chlorine to improve the quality of seafood products has not been approved by regulatory agencies due to health concerns related to the production of chlorite (ClO(2)(-)) and chlorate (ClO(3)(-)) as well as possible mutagenic/carcinogenic reaction products. Cubes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and red grouper (Epinephelus morio) were treated with 20 or 200 ppm aqueous chlorine or ClO(2) solutions for 5 min, and extracts of the treated fish cubes and test solutions were checked for mutagenicity using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. No mutagenic activity was detected in the treated fish samples or test solutions with ClO(2). Only the sample treated with 200 ppm chlorine showed weak mutagenic activity toward S. typhimurium TA 100. No chlorite residue was detected in sea scallops, mahi-mahi, or shrimp treated with ClO(2) at 3.9-34.9 ppm. However, low levels of chlorate residues were detected in some of the treated samples. In most cases, the increase in chlorate in treated seafood was time- and dose-related.     

Lysozyme-glucose stearic acid monoester conjugate formed through the Maillard reaction as an antibacterial emulsifier

Lysozyme-glucose stearic acid monoester (HEL-GE) conjugate was prepared through the Maillard reaction as an antibacterial emulsifier. The molar ratio of GE to HEL was 1:1. The isoelectric point was 6-7, which is lower than that of native HEL. Spectroscopic studies indicated that the alpha-helix content was slightly lower but the conformation around Trp had not changed and that the surface of the conjugate was covered with the GE moiety. The conjugate maintained approximately 53-57% of the enzymatic activity of native HEL at 40-60 degrees C and exhibited considerable resistance to proteolysis. The denaturation temperature of the conjugate was approximately 74 degrees C, somewhat higher than that of control HEL, whereas the enthalpy was about one-third of that of control HEL. The emulsifying activity of the conjugate and the emulsion stability were much enhanced compared to those of native HEL, and the conjugate maintained approximately 70% of the bactericidal activity.     

EDTA Extraction of Heavy Metals from Different Soil Fractions and Synthetic Soils

A laboratory-prepared contaminated soil was partitioned into four fractions, namely carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides, organic matter and clay mineral, according to the form in which the heavy metal bound with soil constituents. Individual contaminated soil fractions and synthetic soils were prepared for the study of soil extraction using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The effect of contact time and EDTA concentration were evaluated for both individual soil fractions and synthetic soils. The extraction reached equilibrium rapidly, after about 30 min. A 0.01 M EDTA solution was less effective than a 0.05 M or a 0.10 M EDTA. EDTA was proved to be effective for metal removal from the four individual soil fractions and synthetic soils. In general, approximately 90% of metals were removed from synthetic soils by 0.10 M EDTA. EDTA extraction of Pb from a contaminated carbonate fraction was thought to be affected by the formation of lead carbonates. A simple equation based on the sum of the released heavy metal from the individual components is used to check if there are interactions among the different soil components when mixed. The estimated values agreed well with the experimentally measured results only for the 0.10 M EDTA system.     

Adsorption of sulphate and fluoride by variable charge soils

The adsorption of sulphate and fluoride by three variable charge soils was studied. Adsorption increased with increase in the amount of sulphate added at constant _pH, and decreased with increase of _pH.
The ratios of the amount of released OH⁻to that of the adsorbed SO^2-₄ at pH 5–0 were 0.12, 0.14 and 0.20 for the three soils, respectively, much lower than the corresponding OH⁻/F⁻ ratios which ranged from 0.3 to 1.0. For a ferric acrisol the OH⁻ released accounted, on average, for only 15% of the SO^2-₄ adsorbed, leaving more than 60% to be explained by the decrease in positive charge and the increase in negative charge carried by the soil.     

Tillage and crop sequence effects on organic carbon and total nitrogen content in an irrigated Alberta soil

A better understanding of tillage effects on soil organic matter is vital for development of effective soil conservation practices. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of tillage and crop sequence on soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in an irrigated southern Alberta soil. A field experiment was conducted using a split–split plot design from 1994 to 1998 in Alberta, Canada. There were two crop sequences (Sequence 1: spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)–spring wheat–annual legume; and Sequence 2: spring wheat–spring wheat–annual legume–sugar beet) and two tillage practices (CT: conventional tillage and MT: minimum tillage). Surface soil under MT had significantly higher OC (30.1 Mg ha⁻¹) content than under CT (28.3 Mg ha⁻¹) after 4 years of treatment. The MT treatment retains crop residue at the soil surface, reduces soil erosion and slows organic matter decomposition, which are key factors in enhancing the soil fertility status of southern Alberta irrigated soils.     

Aggregates and gel network structure of globin hydrolysates

A gel with excellent functional properties was prepared successfully using the hydrolysates of globin. In the present study, the structures of intermediate aggregates and gel network were observed directly with an electronic microscope. It was shown clearly that the intermediate aggregates were in a thin rod shape with a length of 130--140 nm, which was in good accordance with the results of the light scattering obtained in a previous study. The diameter of intermediate aggregates was 4--5 nm. Each unit of the intermediate aggregate was composed of beta-chain and peptide beta-1 in a ratio of 1:1. Its molecular weight was 26922 Da, and it had a diameter of 4.1 nm. The thin rod-shaped aggregates were formed with units through the hydrophobic interaction. The length of intermediate aggregate was >30--33 times the diameter. Furthermore, the cross-linked structure formed by peptide alpha-1 and the thin rod-shaped aggregates was also confirmed by the photography of the electronic microscope. These results supported the model proposed in previous papers as proper to depict exactly the formation and structure of the gel network of globin hydrolysates.