Marine social–ecological responses to environmental change and the impacts of globalization

Marine social–ecological systems consist of interactive ecological and human social elements so that changes in ecological systems affect fishing‐dependent societies and vice versa. This study compares the responses of marine ecological and fishing‐dependent systems to environmental change and the impacts of globalization, using four case‐studies: NE Atlantic (Barents Sea), NW Atlantic (Newfoundland), SE Atlantic (Namibia) and the equatorial Atlantic (Ghana). Marine ecological systems cope with short‐time changes by altering migration and distribution patterns, changing species composition, and changing diets and growth rates; over the longer term, adaptive changes lead to increased turn‐over rates and changes in the structure and function of the system. Fishing communities cope with short‐term change through intensification and diversification of fishing, migration and ‘riding out the storm’. Over the longer term, adaptive changes in policy and fisheries governance can interact with social–ecological change to focus on new fisheries, economic diversification, re‐training, out‐migration and community closures. Marine social–ecological systems can ultimately possess rapid adaptive capacity in their ecological components, but reduced adaptive capacity in society. Maintaining the diversity of response capabilities on short and longer time scales, among both ecological and human fishing systems, should be a key policy objective. The challenge is to develop robust governance approaches for coupled marine social–ecological systems that can respond to short‐ and long‐term consequences of global change.     

The effect of vaccination of lambs with live parainfluenza virus type 3 on pneumonia produced by parainfluenza virus type 3 and Pasteurella haemolytica

Groups of 20 lambs were vaccinated with parainfluenza virus type 3 PI₃ by the intranasal (I.N.) or intramuscular route (I.M.).Approximately 6 weeks later, vaccinated and non-vaccinated lambs were challenged sequentially with PL₃, and Pasteurella haemolytica. At slaughter, 10 to 12 days after challenge, 65% of non-vaccinates and 45% of I.M. vaccinates had pneumonic lesions whereas lesions were not observed in any of the I.N. vaccinates.     

Anthocyanins,Phenolic Acids and Antioxidant Properties of Juçara Fruits (Euterpe edulis M.) Along the On-tree Ripening Process

Juçara (Euterpe edulis M.) fruits are an interesting source of phenolic compounds, mainly anthocyanins, making them valuable to the food and pharmaceutical industries. Juçara fruits were harvested along the on-tree ripening process between March and June as practiced in Paraná state, Brazil and examined for their total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), total phenolic acid (TPA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAA). Overall, TAC increased (91.52–236.19 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent/100 g dm) whereas TPC (81.69–49.09 mg GAE/g dm) and TPA (44.27–30.95 mg/100 g dm) decreased during ripening of juçara fruits. Use of tandem mass spectrometry allowed the identification of cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-rutinoside for the first time in juçara fruits. The analysis of the phenolic acids by HPLC-MS/MS indicated the presence of gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, sinapinic and ferulic acids. The high antioxidant capacity using DPPH radical scavenging capacity (655.89–745.32 μmol TE/g dm) and ORAC assays (1088.10–2071.55 μmol TE/g dm) showed that juçara fruits have potential as a source of novel natural antioxidants for disease prevention and health promotion, and also as natural food additives for developing new functional food products.     

Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides enhance the induction of bovine CD4+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against the polymorphic immunodominant molecule of the protozoan parasite Theileria parva

Enhancement of the induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses by immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides has been described in humans and mouse models. The present study attempted to address whether CpG has a similar effect in cattle. Immunisation of cattle with a recombinant form of the polymorphic immunodominant molecule from Theileria parva emulsified with immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in adjuvant had no effect on the induction of antibody responses including the isotype profile, but significantly enhanced the induction of cytolytic responses that were mediated by CD4+CD3+ T cells utilizing the perforin-granzyme pathway.     

Threshold Firms: Innovation,Design and Collaboration in British Columbia's Forest Economy

This paper assesses the extent to which threshold firms have emerged within British Columbia's wood processing industries. Threshold firms comprise an innovative business segment and are growth oriented, larger than most small firms but not giant, locally owned, international in scope at least with respect to exporting, reliant on skilled, well paid employees, and that have developed knowledge‐based product market advantages. The analysis draws on an extended case study survey of 14 firms located in the lower mainland and Okanagan regions of British Columbia, and selected for their potential as threshold firms. The analysis examines six characteristics associated with threshold firms: size and ownership, internationalization, wood supply, labor relations, innovative design and collaboration, and local embeddedness. These firms reveal attributes of threshold firms, and the paper concludes by suggesting that an innovative forest policy for British Columbia could usefully focus on this type of firm.     

The metabolism of mebenil in rats,rabbits and guinea-pigs

The metabolism of mebenil (o-toluanilide) was studied in rats, rabbits and guinea-pigs. The major metabolite in all three species was 4′-hydroxy-o-toluanilide, both free and as glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. Traces of aniline were also excreted, showing that the amide bond was hydrolysed in vivo.     

The metabolism of cis-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine-1-carboxanilide in rodents

The metabolism of cis-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine-1-carboxanilide was studied in rats, rabbits, guinea-pigs and mice. The major metabolite in all species was cis-4′-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine-1-carboxanilide, both free and as glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. About 95% of the compound was absorbed from the gut; over a 3-day period, about 50% of the administered dose was excreted in urine and about 27% in faeces.