用于生物防治水稻纹拮病的抗细菌的筛选

 分别从健康的水稻植株、感染纹枯病植株、根际土壤、秧田水和菌核上分离出能拮抗水稻纹枯病的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)的细菌菌株，大多数菌株在室内试验中对菌丝生长有抑制作用，有的菌株在温室试验中起抑制病害和对植株有保护作用， 有的(1／49) 具有促进秧苗生长的作用。纹枯病的病斑相对长度与病害发生率密切相关(r²=0.33，P=0.01)， 与抑菌圈大小(r²=0.3)和离体叶片病斑大小(r²=0.12) 无相关，植株干重与病斑相对长度和发病率均无显著相关(r²=0或0.1)。     

In vitro susceptibilities of field isolates of Mycoplasma agalactiae

In order to determine how widespread antibiotic resistance has become to standard treatments, the in vitro susceptibilities of 28 Mycoplasma agalactiae Spanish field isolates to 16 antimicrobial agents were determined using a broth microdilution method. The most effective antimicrobials based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)₉₀ values were fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and macrolides. Two strains were tetracycline resistant. Streptomycin, erythromycin and nalidixic acid resistance was observed in all strains.     

Genotype and dietary lysine deficiency affect carcass and muscle amino acid composition of pigs growing from 10 to 25 kg body weight

Amino acid (AA) composition of body protein is considered constant although there are evidences that AA pattern in pigs may be altered by different factors. Pigs with different body composition and protein deposition rates—like fatty and lean pigs—may differ in AA composition, with possible consequences on their AA requirements. This work investigates effects of genotype and dietary lysine deficiency on AA composition of carcass and muscles of Iberian and Landrace × Large White pigs. Twenty‐eight barrows (10 kg body weight [BW]), 14 from each breed, were used. They were randomly assigned to two experimental diets according to a factorial arrangement (two breeds × two diets). Diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (200 ± 1 g CP/kg dry matter (DM); 14.7 ± 0.1 MJ ME/kg DM) and with identical chemical composition except for lysine concentration (10.9 and 5.20 g lysine/kg DM, for lysine‐adequate (AL) diet and lysine‐deficient (DL) diet respectively). Pigs were individually housed, and daily feed allowance was adjusted on a weekly basis according to BW. Pigs were slaughtered at 25 kg BW. Isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine concentration were higher in carcass protein of Iberian pigs (p < .01). In longissimus muscle, higher concentration of arginine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine and valine (p < .001–p < .05), and lower of methionine (p < .001) were detected in Iberian pigs, whereas phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, threonine and methionine concentration decreased and arginine increased (p < .001–p < .05) when pigs were fed DL diet. Genotype and lysine deficiency effects were moderate in the AA composition of protein of biceps femoris muscle. The results show that AA proportions in protein of carcass and longissimus muscle can be influenced by pig genotype and conditions of lysine shortage. The biceps femoris muscle, with different functional and metabolic properties, shows more constant AA composition than longissimus, which seem to prevail independent from genotype or nutritional challenges.     

Pre‐pubertal growth,muscle and fat accumulation in male and female sheep—Relationships with metabolic hormone concentrations,timing of puberty and reproductive outcomes

Metabolic homeostasis is aligned with changes in growth and body composition, through processes mediated by circulating metabolites and metabolic hormones, and is eventually linked to reproductive success. In the present study with sheep, we determined the relationships among phenotypic and genotypic rates of growth, muscle and fat accumulation, and the circulating concentrations of metabolic and tested for relationships with the timing of puberty and subsequent reproductive outcomes. We used 64 females and 62 males with known phenotypic values for depth of eye muscle (EMD) and fat (FAT) and known Australian Sheep Breeding Values at post‐weaning age for live weight (PWT), depth of eye muscle (PEMD) and depth of fat (PFAT). Blood plasma sampled every 20 min for 8 hr via was assayed for growth hormone (GH), insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), insulin, leptin, ghrelin, follistatin, glucose and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA). In males, PWT was positively related to the concentrations of GH, follistatin and glucose, whereas FAT and PFAT were positively related to IGF‐I concentrations (p < .01). Testosterone concentration was negatively related to muscle variables (p < .001) and to PFAT (p < .05). In females, the only significant relationship detected was the positive link between EMD and insulin concentrations (p < .05). Reproductive variables were only measured in females. Live weight at first oestrus was related positively to insulin concentration and negatively to GH concentration (p < .05). No other relationships with reproductive variables were significant. The relationships that were detected suggest subtle differences between the sexes in the way their metabolic homeostasis responds to changes in the rates of growth, and muscle and fat accumulation, perhaps due to interference by testosterone in the males.     

The effects of feeding level upon protein and fat deposition in Iberian heavy pigs

Eighteen Iberian barrows of 100 kg initial BW were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to investigate the effects of feeding level (FL; 0.70 and 0.95 × ad libitum) on growth, protein- and fat-deposition rates and body composition. They were fed on a diet supplying the optimum level of digestible ideal protein:ME ratio (4.82 g/MJ) and slaughtered at 150 kg BW. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, total N and GE, and the ME:GE and ME:DE ratios were not affected by FL. The average daily gain increased with the increase in FL (691 and 918 g/day respectively). Neither the gain:feed (g/g DM) nor the gain:ME intake (g/MJ) ratios were significantly affected however. An energy cost of 59.9 kJ ME/g gain was calculated. The rate of whole-body protein deposition was not significantly altered by FL. On average it reached 80 g/day. The pigs fed at the lowest level exhibited lower fat deposition (P < 0.01) and total energy retention (P < 0.01) than those in the group subjected to only a slight feed restriction. The overall efficiency of utilization of ME for energy gain (ER:ME intake) remained at 0.363 on average, irrespective of the FL imposed. Relative proportions of energy retained as protein and fat were not statistically altered by changes in FL. Mean values for ERP:ER and ERF:ER were 0.100 and 0.903 respectively. No differences between treatments were observed in fat, ash, water or energy content of the whole-body (g/kg) at 150 kg empty BW, the mean values (n = 12) being 512 ± 8.5, 27.6 ± 0.63 and 353 ± 6.7 g/kg for fat, ash and water respectively and 22.90 ± 0.31 MJ/kg for energy. Nevertheless, the proportion of protein tended to decline with the increase in FL (111 vs 104; P = 0.069). At 150 kg the Iberian pigs contained more fat and energy and less ash and water than at 100 kg. Whilst the percentage of lean tissue decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and protein content in the carcass showed a strong tendency to decline in the pigs fed close to ad libitum (104 vs 96; P = 0.056), the proportions of fat, ash, water and energy remained constant at 564 ± 9.0, 22.2 ± 0.91, 312 ± 6.6 g/kg, and 24.82 ± 0.32 MJ/kg, respectively. It was concluded that a degree of feed restriction may result in a discernible improvement in carcass quality.     

Severe hypophosphataemia associated with the management of hyperlipaemia in a miniature pony

This report describes a case of severe hypophosphataemia associated with the management of hyperlipaemia in a miniature pony following colic surgery. Clinical signs attributed to hypophosphataemia included obtundation, anorexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea and generalised muscle fasciculations. Hyperlipaemia was managed with enteral and partial parenteral nutrition; insulin was also administered to control hyperglycaemia after the initiation of caloric support. Specific therapy for hypophosphataemia consisted of parenteral potassium phosphate at 0.03 mmol/kg bwt/h (i.v.). The pony made a full recovery without further complications. Hypophosphataemia may be an under‐recognised clinical problem in certain populations of critically ill equids, such as those with hyperlipaemia and receiving insulin as part of their management. The routine measurement of phosphate concentration in these cases is recommended.     

Effects of pepper crop residues and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties relevant to carbon cycling and broccoli production

We conducted a two‐year experiment to evaluate the effects of fresh pepper residues (CR treatment) on soil properties and broccoli yield compared with the application of chemical fertilizers (CF treatment). Soil‐state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the organic composition of added residues and surface soil. We also measured total and soluble organic carbon and different biochemical properties associated with the C cycle. The results show that large application rates of CR increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and arylesterase and β‐glucosidase activities compared with the control. There was a significant increase in MBC for the CF treatment only with the greatest application rate. No differences in soil organic carbon composition and structure were found between treatments with soil organic C, soluble C, basal soil respiration, arylesterase and β‐glucosidase activities correlated positively with the soil carboxylic region and negatively with the aromatic region of the spectra. Broccoli yield was significantly more for the second crop cycle with maximum values for the greatest application rates of CF and CR indicating that crop residues with a minimum amount of chemical fertilizers can be used to obtain an adequate yield. The use of pepper residues as an organic amendment improved biochemical properties of the soil with positive effects on broccoli quality and had no negative impact on yield.