Breeding progress in green curded cauliflowers (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis group)

SUMMARY

Original seedstocks, populations developed by recurrent selection, and inbred lines of two green curded cauliflowers, Di Macerata and Romanesco, were compared in two adjacent but independent trials at Wellesbourne. Trial results indicate that recurrent selection and inbreeding had generally led to significant improvement in uniformity of maturity, increased marketable yield, and improved quality characters contributing to overall appearance and marketability of the product. Depending on the strength of self incompatibility, inbred lines derived from improved populations could potentially be used as varieties, or as parental lines for hybrids.     

Pyothorax in a cat managed by intrathoracic debridement and postoperative ventilatory support

: A domestic-longhair cat presented due to lethargy, dyspnoea and hypersalivation. Radiographic examination revealed a bilateral pleural effusion, which was diagnosed as pyothorax based on cytological examination. Ultrasonographic examination revealed extensive loculations within the thoracic cavity. Exploratory sternotomy, under general anaesthesia, allowed the removal of approximately 100 ml of purulent fluid and debridement of a partially walled-off abscess and necrotic material from the pleural cavity. Postoperative positive-pressure ventilation was required due to severe respiratory depression. Intensive postoperative care, including intensive continuous monitoring, thoracostomy tube drainage and lavage of the pleural cavity and oesophagostomy tube feeding, was performed. Complete resolution of clinical signs had occurred by 15 days postoperatively. Clinical or radiographic abnormalities were not detected at a follow-up examination one year after surgery.     

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cell vaccination of dogs with naturally occurring melanoma by using human gp100 antigen

Canine malignant melanoma (CMM) is a common and aggressive form of cancer in dogs. Established therapeutic approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy (RT) have not proven curative. As a coadjuvant of RT and to enhance the antimelanoma immune response, we characterized dendritic cells (DCs) from the bone marrow (BM) of dogs with CMM, ex vivo, for use in therapeutic vaccines. BM mononuclear cells from 3 dogs with melanoma and from 1 healthy dog were cultured for 12 days in media supplemented with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, stem cell factor, tumor necrosis factor, and Flt-3 ligand. On day 11, DCs were transduced with an adenovirus vector encoding a xenoantigen, human melanoma antigen gp100. Each dog received 3 subcutaneous vaccinations over a 4-month period. Phenotypic analysis of the expanded DC population demonstrated expression of CD11c/CD18 and major histocompatibility complex class II surface markers, and ultrastructural features characteristic of DCs were observed on electron microscopy. On functional analysis, these DCs were able to stimulate allo-reactivity and capture and express gp100. One dog demonstrated antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This dog has displayed no clinical signs, either locally or systemically, of recurrent melanoma 48 months after initial DC injection. However, another dog, which was CTL negative, relapsed 22 months after vaccination. Ex vivo DC expansion is feasible for immunotherapy of spontaneous cancers in outbred dogs.     

Clinical signs and treatment of chronic uterine torsion in two mares

Two mares were evaluated because of chronic uterine torsions of 2 and 4 weeks' duration; both were pyrectic, anemic, tachycardic, and anorectic, had signs of depression, and had an abnormal uterus and contents on transrectal examination. Both mares underwent cesarean section for lysis of adhesions from the uterus to the peritoneum, correction of the torsion, and ovariohysterectomy Both mares recovered with only minor complications and returned to be used as riding horses. Chronic uterine torsion should be considered in mares in late stages of gestation that have vague clinical signs and transrectal palpation findings that are unlike those described in typical cases of uterine torsion. Prognosis for life can be good after treatment by ventral midline celiotomy, cesarean section, correction of the torsion, and ovariohysterectomy.     

Managing threats and restoring wetlands within catchments of the Great Barrier Reef,Australia

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Inbreeding and disease in tropical shrimp aquaculture: a reappraisal and caution

The disease crisis facing shrimp aquaculture may be propelled, in part, by an interaction between management practices that cause inbreeding, and the amplification by inbreeding of susceptibility to disease and environmental stresses. The study describes and numerically simulates gene flow from Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei hatcheries that employ a ‘Breeder Lock’ to discourage use of their PL as breeders, through ‘copy hatcheries’ that breed the locked PL, to inbred shrimp in farm ponds. Re‐analysis of published data shows that inbreeding depression under stress is exceptionally strong in shrimp. Inbreeding is currently overlooked as a problem because: (1) procedures recommended for well‐managed hatcheries do not consider their implications for the copy hatcheries that supply most farmed shrimp (estimated 70%), (2) inbreeding in hatcheries is often reported as zero even though zero is the mathematical expectation of the usual estimator (Fis, fixation index) whatever the true genealogy of the broodstock. Simulation shows, however, that inbreeding can be estimated with Wang's trioML estimator, that Fis can differentiate Breeder Locked from copy PL and that simple tests can verify the lock status of PL. The importance of inbreeding should be re‐evaluated in the context of disease and environmental stress. Unrecognized inbreeding may increase the incidence, prevalence and lethality of WSSV, IHHNV, EMS (AHPND) and other diseases.     

不同年龄不同世代建鲤子代生长的比较研究↑（*）

试验鱼分别为１、３、５龄，是三个不同的世代，１龄鱼是本试验中最新的世代，５龄鱼为最老的世代，试验结果是１龄建鲤雄鱼繁殖的子代较５龄雄鱼繁殖的子代生长快，３龄的较５龄生长快，表明选育有进展，生长速度一代比一代快。     

The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster

The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes, including humans. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. Efforts are under way to close the remaining gaps; however, the sequence is of sufficient accuracy and contiguity to be declared substantially complete and to support an initial analysis of genome structure and preliminary gene annotation and interpretation. The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes, somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome, but with comparable functional diversity.