减氮下不同肥料配施对麦玉复种体系作物氮素积累分配及产量的影响

为探索陕西关中地区冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系氮肥减量增效潜力,构建适宜的作物养分管理体系,于2018-2019年采用田间试验研究了减氮并配施不同肥料对麦玉复种体系作物生长状况、植株氮素积累分配、作物产量以氮素利用效率的影响。试验设置5个处理：常规施氮（225 kg·hm^-2,N₁₀₀）;减氮20%（180 kg·hm^-2 ,N₈₀）;减氮配施生物炭（180 kg·hm^-2,生物炭22 500 kg·hm^-2,N₈₀+BC）;减氮配施缓释肥（180 kg·hm^-2,尿素∶缓释肥=1∶1,N₈₀+S）;减氮配施微生物菌肥（180 kg·hm^-2,微生物菌肥3 600 kg·hm^-2 ,N₈₀+BF）。结果表明：减氮及其配施不同肥料对夏玉米大喇叭口期后株高、干物质和氮素积累没有显著影响;而N₈₀+BF促进了夏玉米氮素向籽粒中的分配;N₈₀+BC提高了夏玉米产量和收获指数,且较N₈₀处理分别显著提高8.3%和20.1%;减氮下三种配施处理均能提高夏玉米氮农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力,且以N₈₀+BC处理表现最佳,较N₁₀₀分别显著提高43.3%和29.0%,较N₈₀分别显著提高45.8%和8.3% ;N₈₀+BC和N₈₀+BF还能显著提高夏玉米氮肥表观表观回收率,二者较N₁₀₀显著增加18.1%和10.7% ,较N₈₀处理显著增加26.9%和19.0%。与N₈₀相比,N₈₀+BF有效提高了冬小麦扬花期和成熟期分蘖数、茎蘖成穗率以及成熟期干物质和氮素积累量,并能显著提高冬小麦穗数和产量,增幅分别为13.7%和16.2%。减氮下3种配施处理均能提高冬小麦氮农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素利用率,其中氮农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力在N₈₀+BF处理表现最佳,较N₁₀₀分别显著提高了31.2%和28.4%,较N₈₀分别显著提高了33.7%和16.2%,氮素利用率在N₈₀+S处理表现最佳。综上所述,减氮及其配施处理中,180 kg·hm^-2配施生物炭（22 500 kg·hm^-2）和180 kg·hm^-2配施微生物菌肥(3 600 kg·hm^-2)更有利于作物生长,促进氮素积累与分配,提高作物产量和氮素利用效率,实现关中地区麦玉复种体系氮肥管理的“减量增效”。     

葡萄NF-Y核因子家族的鉴定与表达分析

为阐明葡萄NF-Y核因子的理化性质、进化关系和在非生物胁迫下的表达情况,本研究从葡萄全基因组中鉴定出24个VvNF-Y核因子家族成员.生物信息学分析表明其编码的氨基酸数目为132～345 aa,pI为4.62～9.83,蛋白二级结构以α-螺旋和不规则卷曲为主,亚细胞定位发现葡萄NF-Y基因主要定位于细胞核中;系统进化分...     

不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤细菌类群特征

采用16S rDNA建库和高通量测序技术对3个不同发育阶段杉木人工林的土壤细菌类群进行分析,探讨杉木人工林不同发育阶段对土壤细菌类群的影响。结果表明：16S rDNA在目水平上鉴定比例为80%以上,结果较可靠;不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤共鉴定细菌门39个、纲100个、目151个,不同发育阶段之间3种功能性指数均无显著差异,且与部分化学性质相关性较小;其中酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门、疣微菌门为最主要细菌门类。酸杆菌门丰度在不同发育阶段中排序为：幼龄林＜中龄林＜老龄林;按丰度变形菌门的排序则为：幼龄林>中龄林>老龄林。从beta指数分析可知：幼龄林内部相似度相比中、老龄林较低;中、老龄林之间相似度较高,幼龄林与其他2种发育阶段之间相对相似度较低。     

幼建鲤磷缺乏的组织病理观察

为研究饲料不同磷水平对吉富罗非鱼营养代谢及肠道微生物的影响,实验以磷酸二氢钙作为磷源,配制成总磷含量为0.26%(低磷组)、0.81%(适磷组)和1.51%(高磷组)的3组等氮等能饲料,每种饲料为一个处理,每个处理设置4个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,用3种饲料分别饲喂初始体重为(8.42±0.09) g的吉富罗非鱼8周。结果显示,适磷组吉富罗非鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著高于低磷组和高磷组,饲料系数在适磷组最低。脏体比、肝体比和肥满度随饲料磷水平的升高呈逐渐下降趋势。随着饲料磷水平的增加,吉富罗非鱼干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、磷的表观消化率显著降低。对筛选到的差异代谢物进行KEGG注释和富集分析发现,饲料磷缺乏时下调的差异代谢物主要富集的代谢通路为氰胺酸代谢、葡萄糖酸酯的生物合成、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,上调的差异代谢物主要富集的代谢通路为脂肪酸合成;当饲料磷过量时下调的差异代谢物主要富集代谢通路为精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、苯丙酸的生物合成,上调的差异代谢物主要富集代谢通路为氨基糖和核苷酸糖的代谢。Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数表明,吉富罗非鱼肠道菌群丰度和多样性随着饲料磷水平的升高呈现升高趋势。厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门为吉富罗非鱼肠道菌群中的优势菌门。罗姆布茨菌属、鲸杆菌属等有益菌属的丰度在适磷组最高,分枝杆菌属和拟杆菌属的丰度随饲料磷含量的增加呈下降趋势。本研究表明,饲料中适量的磷能提高吉富罗非鱼对饲料的表观消化率,磷缺乏和过量会抑制吉富罗非鱼的氨基酸代谢,磷缺乏会加快脂肪酸合成进程;饲料中适量磷可以提高菌群丰度和多样性,有利于肠道健康。

     

基于DEM-CFD耦合的气吸式酸枣捡拾装置的优化设计

针对目前酸枣的收获主要依赖人工的问题,研究一种气吸式酸枣捡拾机械装置。分析酸枣的物理特性,计算酸枣的悬浮速度、流体域压降变化,通过逆向技术、三维图像重建获取酸枣的点云数据,并对酸枣的点云数据进行降噪处理,建立酸枣三维模型。通过Edem-Fluent气固耦合软件对酸枣吸拾过程进行仿真分析,获取管径、流量、酸枣速度、接触力等参数,利用响应面分析对参数进行优化,并研制酸枣捡拾机进行试验。分析表明,流量是影响捡拾效率的主要因素,管径是影响酸枣破损的主要因素,仿真结果和试验表明气吸式酸枣捡拾装置最佳管径0.11 m,最佳流量0.28 m3·s^-1。该装置能降低酸枣采收成本,缩短酸枣采收周期,同时提高捡拾效率。     

云南香格里拉县高原湿地种子植物区系分析

根据调查数据,统计分析香格里拉县高原湿地种子植物区系特征。结果表明：高原湿地植物物种多样性丰富,优势科明显,有种子植物44科155属431种,禾本科、毛茛科、蓼科、玄参科、伞形科等12个科优势明显;湿地植物热带成分影响较小,温带性质明显,属级水平和种级水平上则表现出明显的温带性;植物种中中国特有种丰富,与中国西南（四川、贵州、西藏）联系紧密;湿地植物外来种数量较多,区系次生度比值较高     

不同药剂处理对黄芪根腐病的防治效果

本研究用黄芪(Astragalas mongholicus)一年龄种苗为材料,从恶霉灵、甲基托布津、高巧+瑞苗清3种药剂中筛选出防治黄芪根腐病的最有效药剂。结果表明,高巧+瑞苗清药剂组合 (22 512+24 012 g·hm-2)防治效果最佳,为32.21％,其次为甲基托布津药剂处理(502.5 g·hm-2), 而恶霉灵处理(700.5 g·hm-2) 防治效果最差,为-0.07％。虽然3种供试药剂对黄芪根腐病具有一定的防治作用,但防治效果均不明显。     

Mites associated with budgerigars Melopsittacus undulatus (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) and the first report of Ornithonyssus bursa (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) in Mexico

Background:Hematophagous mites affect numerous bird species, causing severe injuries to the budgerigars. Some species can cause dermatitis in humans.Aims:The purpose was to morphologically identify the mites related to budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and their nests in Yucatan, Mexico.Methods:In May 2022, a private budgerigar hatchery was visited and mites were collected from the bodies of the birds and their nests. The morphological traits of the mites were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.Results:Four of 30 birds showed severe clinical signs of mite infestation. The Budgerigars revealed lesions in the cere, nostrils, eyelids, beak, and paws. The bird’s skin showed signs of dryness and beige coloring. The birds with severe damage also presented anorexia and had deformed paws and beaks. The parasitosis was caused by the “burrowing mites,” Knemidocoptes pilae. The burrowing mites and the Grallacheles bakeri were recovered and identified from paw scabs. To eliminate mites, a topical application of Ivermectin was administered to the necks of the birds. The dose was a single, which has a residuality of 21 days. Two drops (0.115 mg/ml) of ivermectin were applied to each bird. A gradual reduction in crusted lesions due to mite mortality was noted. The “tropical fowl mite” Ornithonyssus bursa was identified in the nests, which represents the first record in Mexico.Conclusions:Three species of mites were discovered in a single budgerigar hatchery. This emphasizes the importance of deworming birds and keeping a clean environment in their cages to reduce the potential for parasitic mite infestation.     

Candidate genes underlying QTL for flowering time and their interactions in a wide spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cross

Response to vernalization and photoperiod are the main determinants controlling the time to flowering in temperate cereals. While the individual genes that dete...     

Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer disease) in horses: retrospective study of 25 cases and literature review

Tyzzer disease (TD) is caused by Clostridium piliforme, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 25 equine cases with a diagnosis of TD; 24 of 25 cases occurred in foals <45 d old; the remaining foal was 90 d old. There were 12 males and 12 females; no sex information was available for one foal. The affected breeds were Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Paint, and Hanoverian. Most of the cases (19 of 25) occurred in the spring. There were 9 cases of sudden death; the remaining animals had diarrhea, fever, distended abdomen, depression, weakness, non-responsiveness, and/or recumbency. Gross findings included icterus, hepatomegaly with acinar pattern, serosal hemorrhages, pulmonary edema, and/or fluid content in small and large intestine. Microscopically, all foals had severe, multifocal, necrotizing hepatitis. Necrotizing lymphohistiocytic colitis was observed in 10 of 25 foals, and multifocal necrotizing myocarditis was found in 8 of 25. Gram-negative, Steiner-positive, intracytoplasmic filamentous bacteria were observed in hepatocytes, enterocytes, and myocardiocytes, respectively. PCR detected C. piliforme DNA in the liver (24 of 24), colon (20 of 24), and heart (5 of 25). Our results indicate that necrotic hepatitis is the hallmark of TD in horses; the so-called triad of lesions is not a consistent characteristic of the disease in this species.