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91.
92.
Experiments that investigate the pattern of degradation of pest control substances in soil are often undertaken to estimate the persistence of compounds in the environment. Mathematical models are typically fit to decay data to facilitate the interpretation of the results and make predictions concerning the environmental fate of xenobiotics in soil. Four mathematical models were fit to 61 data sets to compare their performance in conforming to empirical patterns of degradation of pest control substances in soil. The use of composite residual plots allowed comparisons of the performance of the different models over many data sets. While an exponential model, estimated using nonlinear regression, fit many data sets very well, a shift-log, biexponential, and Monod equation appears superior in many cases, and systematic deviations from data sets are often less evident with the latter models. A knowledge of the patterns of bias typically exhibited by each model across many data sets may be useful for selecting models with reduced bias when fitting individual data sets. 相似文献
93.
Justine JL Beveridge I Boxshall GA Bray RA Moravec F Trilles JP Whittington ID 《Folia parasitologica》2010,57(4):237-262
Abstract: Over a 7-year period, parasites have been collected from 28 species of groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in the waters off New Caledonia. Host-parasite and parasite-host lists are provided, with a total of 337 host-parasite combinations, including 146 parasite identifications at the species level. Results are included for isopods (5 species), copepods (19), monogeneans (56), digeneans (28), cestodes (12), and nematodes (12). When results are restricted to those 14 fish species for which more than five specimens were examined and to parasites identified at the species level, 109 host-parasite combinations were recorded, with 63 different species, of which monogeneans account for half (32 species), and an average of 4.5 parasite species per fish species. Digenean records were compared for 16 fish species shared with the study of Cribb et al. (2002); based on a total of 90 parasite records identified at the species level, New Caledonia has 17 new records and only seven species were already known from other locations. We hypothesize that the present results represent only a small part of the actual biodiversity, and we predict a biodiversity of 10 different parasite species and 30 host-parasite combinations per serranid. A comparison with a study on Heron Island (Queensland, Australia) by Lester and Sewell (1989) was attempted: of the four species of fish in common and in a total of 91 host-parasite combinations, only six parasites identified at the species level were shared. This suggests strongly that insufficient sampling impairs proper biogeographical or ecological comparisons. Probably only 3% of the parasite species of coral reef fish are already known in New Caledonia. 相似文献
94.
Andrew Barker Jackie M. Williams Annie Chen Rod Bagley Nick D. Jeffery 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2015,56(3):278-284
Primary hematomyelia refers to hemorrhage occurring within the spinal cord without an identifiable etiology. Clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, and histopathological findings are described. Diagnosis was made through histological analysis and rule-outs for underlying factors. Following removal of the hematoma, neurologic deficits improved, although some residual deficits persisted. 相似文献
95.
Rod M. Heisey 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,82(3-4):675-693
Growth of sugar maple trees and element concentrations of soil and foliage were investigated at 12 stands in north-central Pennsylvania and southern New York. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate growth trends since the 1950s and to determine whether element concentrations were within limits conducive for normal growth. Basal area growth of overstory maple trees increased at six sites, declined at five, and remained nearly constant at one. Overall, the growth of overstory sugar maple trees did not change appreciably since the late 1950s, but growth of subcanopy maples decreased markedly, probably because of intensified shading in these maturing stands. Concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, N, P, and Zn in soil and maple foliage were within the range of values reported for other sugar maple stands in North America. Calcium concentrations appeared adequate for growth, although at some sites they were near the low end of the typical range. Basal area growth of the overstory maples was correlated to the concentrations of Ca, Al, and the Ca∶Al ratio of soil, whereas growth of the subcanopy maples was not. Growth of the overstory trees was also correlated to the Ca concentration of maple foliage, which in turn was correlated to pH, Ca, Al, and the Ca∶Al ratio of soil. Manganese concentrations in soil and foliage were comparatively high, but were not correlated to trends in growth. The results of this investigation do not indicate abnormal changes in growth of sugar maple since the late 1950s. They suggest, however, that Ca availability limits growth at some sites and indicate that Al concentrations in the soil may be inhibiting Ca uptake. 相似文献
96.
梁月荣 《浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》1995,(5)
pH对茶叶固形物提取率的影响在提高速溶茶产量中有重要意义,在pH1.2时提取,茶叶固形物产量比用正常pH的沸蒸馏水提取时高1倍,H ̄+通过提高茶汤的固形物浓度、促进茶多酚与茶汤中的多糖或蛋白质分子的亲核基反应而增加红茶冷后浑粒子的形成。HPLC结果揭示,茶黄素类和茶叶儿茶素类是影响红茶冷后浑粒子形成和汤色的重要物质。在碱性条件下,茶黄素类和某些儿茶素类,如EGCG,ECG和GC产生离解或降解,以致冷后浑粒子趋于溶解,茶汤色泽变黑,文中对控制温度和pH生产冰茶用速溶茶和普通速溶茶的分步提取法也提出了讨论。 相似文献
97.
Mohammad?R.?Emdad Steven?R.?RaineEmail author Rod?J.?Smith Hossein?Fardad 《Irrigation Science》2004,23(2):55-60
The quality of irrigation water has the potential to significantly affect soil structural properties, infiltration and irrigation application efficiency. While the effect of electrolyte concentration (as indicated by the electrical conductivity EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) have been studied under laboratory conditions, the effect on soil profile structural properties and irrigation performance have not been widely investigated under field conditions. In this paper, water with three different levels of sodium (SAR = 0.9, 10 and 30) was applied as alternative treatments to a clay loam soil. The application of 238–261 mm of medium- to high-SAR water was found to reduce aggregate stability, increase the bulk density of both the surface crust and underlying soil, and reduce the total depth of infiltration and final infiltration rate. Where low-SAR water was used, there was no significant (P<0.05) difference in final infiltration rate after the first four irrigations. However, where moderate- and high-SAR water was applied after the first four irrigations with the low EC-SAR water, the final infiltration rate was found to decrease on each of the successive irrigation events. For the moderate- and high-SAR treatments, this suggests that a steady-state equilibrium had not been reached within that part of the soil profile impeding infiltration. It is proposed that the initial reduction in infiltration is related to the physical processes of slaking leading to the development of an apedal, hardsetting surface soil layer. Similarly, it is proposed that the subsequent increase in bulk density and decline in infiltration where moderate and high EC-SAR water is applied is due to an increase in clay tactoid swelling reducing the size of the conducting micropores, dispersion blocking pores, and/or an increase in the thickness of the apedal surface layer. The reduction in infiltration associated with the use of high-SAR irrigation water was found to reduce the performance of the irrigations, with the application efficiency of the final irrigation decreasing from 40% where the low-SAR water was used, to 21% where the high-SAR water was applied. The implications for surface irrigating with water containing high sodium levels are discussed.Communicated by A. Kassam 相似文献
98.
Commercial performance evaluations of surface irrigation are commonly conducted using infiltration functions obtained at a
single inflow rate. However, evaluations of alternative irrigation management (e.g. flow rate, cut-off strategy) and design
(e.g. field length) options using simulation models often rely on this single measured infiltration function, raising concerns
over the accuracy of the predicted performance improvements. Measured field data obtained from 12 combinations of inflow rate
and slope over two irrigations were used to investigate the accuracy of simulated surface irrigation performance due to changes
in the infiltration. Substantial errors in performance prediction were identified due to (a) infiltration differences at various
inflow rates and slopes and (b) the method of specifying the irrigation cut-off. Where the irrigation cut-off at various inflow
rates was specified as a fixed time identified from simulations using the infiltration measured at a single inflow rate, then
the predicted application efficiency was generally well correlated with the application efficiency measured under field conditions
at the various inflow rates. However, the predictions of distribution uniformity (DU) were poor. Conversely, specifying the
irrigation cut-off as a function of water advance distance resulted in adequate predictions of DU but poor predictions of
application efficiency. Adjusting the infiltration function for the change in wetted perimeter at different inflow rates improved
the accuracy of the performance predictions and substantially reduced the error in performance prediction associated with
the cut-off recommendation strategy. 相似文献
99.
The gene for the core Cry1F insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) has been incorporated into the genome of maize plants, Zea mays L. Plants expressing this ICP are protected from attack by various Lepidopteran pests including the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). The stability of the Cry1F ICP in soil was assessed in a laboratory study designed to determine the persistence of the active protein residue in soil over time, using insect bioassay as the analytical quantification method. The GI(50) (concentration estimated to inhibit growth by 50%) rose at each consecutive incubation interval, indicating a consistent decline in Cry1F activity over time. The residue data were poorly described by a first-order model when fit to either the full data or a truncated data set where the last interval (28 days) was excluded. Data were well described by a shift-log model, and this model predicted DT(50) (time until 50% decay) and DT(90) (time until 90% decay) values of 0.6 and 6.9 days, respectively. This rapid degradation rate was consistent with other Bt proteins evaluated in our laboratory. 相似文献
100.
Herman RA Schafer BW Korjagin VA Ernest AD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(23):6823-6827
Two genes were identified in Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) that code for the proteins that comprise a Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 binary insecticidal crystal protein. Maize, Zea mays L., plants have been transformed to express the Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 proteins, and as a result, these plants are resistant to attack by western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, a major pest in the Midwestern corn-growing area of the U.S.A. As part of the safety assessment for the proteins, digestibility studies were conducted. Digestion experiments with both proteins demonstrated rapid degradation in simulated gastric fluid, comparable to other registered plant-incorporated protectants. Quantitative and qualitative approaches for determining digestibility are illustrated. 相似文献