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91.
de Boer GF van Vloten J Groenendal JE Maas HJ Borm F Hoogerbrugge A Krasselt M 《The Veterinary quarterly》1979,1(1):23-28
Summary Lymphoid leukosis (LL) was successfully controlled in a commercial basic breeding line of White Plymouth Rock chickens. The control method has been developed for breeder flocks and consists of three elements: - In the flock under study, homogenates of embryos from all eggs collected during a number of I4-day periods are tested for the presence of LL viruses. - Only eggs from hens that have been shown not to shed virus in their eggs are used for the production of progeny. The offspring are reared in isolation during the first two months of life, at which time the age-related resistance against tumour formation by LL viruses appears to be sufficiently developed. - The chickens are subsequently inoculated intramuscularly with LL viruses of subgroups A and B transferred to a conventional chicken house. The vaccination raises a solid immunity to horizontal LL virus exposure and, due to the age-related resistance, tumour formation does not follow. No excretion of LL viruses could be detected in three generations of White Plymouth Rock chickens to which the three elements of the control procedure were applied. Clinical disease was not observed in any of the chickens under notice. 相似文献
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93.
Empirical relationships between remotely sensed vegetation indices and canopy density information, such as leaf area index
or ground cover (GC), are commonly used to derive spatial information in many precision farming operations. In this study,
we modified an existing methodology that does not depend on empirical relationships and extended it to derive crop GC from
high resolution aerial imagery. Using this procedure, GC is calculated for every pixel in the aerial imagery by dividing the
perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) of each pixel by the PVI of full canopy. The study was conducted during the summer growing
seasons of 2007 and 2008, and involves airborne and ground truth data from 13 agricultural fields in the Southern High Plains
of the USA. The results show that the method described in this study can be used to estimate crop GC from high-resolution
aerial images with an overall accuracy within 3% of their true values. 相似文献
94.
Brett Glencross Wayne Hawkins David Evans Neil Rutherford Ken Dods Ross Maas Peter McCafferty Sofia Sipsas 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2006,251(1):66-77
This study examines the palatability and discrete nutritional evaluation of some prototype lupin protein concentrates (PC) when fed to rainbow trout. Products were developed from both Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus luteus kernel meals with an increase in protein of 415 g/kg DM to 690 g/kg DM for L. angustifolius and 545 g/kg DM to 750 g/kg DM for L. luteus, respectively. This study completes a three-phase approach to evaluating the nutritional value of these products. The digestibility of energy, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter were determined in earlier studies using the diet substitution approach. The apparent digestibility of the energy from the L. angustifolius PC and the L. luteus PC along with the apparent protein digestibility were used to formulate two series of experimental diets to examine both the palatability and discrete nutritional value of the products. Serial inclusion of either PC at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% into a typical salmonid diet specification allowed an examination of the palatability of each product. Additional negative controls, based on the 0% diets with inclusion of sulfamerazine sodium, were included in the experiment to demonstrate the capacity of the experiment to detect significant palatability issues. No significant effects of inclusion of either PC on any fish performance criteria, such as feed intake or growth, were identified. In contrast, significant reductions in feed intake and consequently growth were observed from fish fed either of the negative controls. This experiment demonstrated that each PC was highly palatable at inclusion levels up to and including 40% of the diet. Using a protein-limited-restrictively-fed experimental approach the discrete nutritional utilisation of each PC was defined. Growth of fish fed the PC treatments was not significantly different to that of the 0% reference diet. Two control diets with substitutions of cellulose to an equivalent inclusion level to that of the PC have provided an indication of the net benefit of the test ingredients. This experiment demonstrated that each PC provided equivalent nutritional value to the fish at either of the two inclusion levels (20% and 40%) evaluated. These PCs differed in their viscosity and gelling properties which may allow feed manufacturers the opportunity to manipulate the physical attributes of their feeds. Together, these studies clearly show that the prototype PCs have substantial potential as a prospective feed ingredient for the aquaculture sector. 相似文献
95.
Ewoud J. J. van Velzen John P. M. van Duynhoven Paul Pudney Peter L. Weegels John H. van der Maas 《Cereal Chemistry》2003,80(4):378-382
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been applied in the characterization of sticky dough surfaces. The characterization provides insight in the chemical distribution of gluten protein, starch, water, and fat during dough kneading. ATR is especially useful for selective sampling of dough surfaces because the depth of penetration of radiation is quite shallow. For dough, it is calculated to be in the order of 0.5–4 μm in the mid‐infrared, ideal for measurements of stickiness effects, where only the dough surface is of interest. To investigate the cohesive and adhesive properties of the individual dough constituents, dough was peeled from the ATR plate to study the material that adhered to it. The infrared spectra obtained indicate that fat and gluten protein appear to be located at the outer sticky dough surfaces, rather than water and starch. In comparison with gluten, the fatty component showed relatively strong adhesive forces to the ATR plate; a high residual fraction was measured after peeling the dough. Gluten proteins display different cohesion and adhesion properties that are strongly dependent on their hydration state. This indicates that the degree of hydration of gluten proteins contributes to the sticky properties of (overkneaded) dough. When analyzing gluten protein in D2O instead of a dough matrix, more or less similar results were obtained. Significant differences in amide I and amide II intensities were measured for kneaded and stretched gluten protein in comparison to untreated, wet gluten. Besides changes in the vibrational properties of the amide groups, conformational changes in the tertiary protein structure also were observed. It appears that kneading and stretching of dough results in a major decrease in α‐helices content, accompanied by an increase of extended β‐sheet conformations. 相似文献
96.
Modelling responses to nutritional, endocrine and genetic strategies to increase fertility in the UK dairy herd 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The United Kingdom, as in most countries using intensive dairy management programmes, is facing serious challenges in terms of dairy cow fertility, as highlighted by a rapidly increasing calving interval (CI). A mechanistic, mathematical model is described that predicts the size of the future national dairy herd required to supply domestic requirements and its inherent sustainability in terms of production of replacement female numbers. The results from the model suggest that continuing use of current management strategies may result in the national dairy herd being unsustainable due to increasing CI and reduced fertility in as few as 10 years. Adoption of nutritional, endocrine and genetic techniques that increase fertility can effectively and rapidly reverse this trend and reduce the required size of the national herd, thereby reducing methane emissions from dairy production. 相似文献
97.
98.
99.
M S Bulgin J Maas B C Anderson D Klugh S D Lincoln V M Lane 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1986,188(4):406-409
Copper disodium edetate in recommended doses was apparently responsible for the deaths of one calf and clinical signs of toxicosis in 5 others on one farm, and 7 deaths and clinical signs of toxicosis in a number of others on another ranch. Signs of hyperexcitability, hypermetria, hindlimb weakness, head pressing, depression, and opisthotonos occurred 6 to 24 hours after injections and preceded death by 1 to 2 days. Necropsy and histologic examination revealed massive liver necrosis. High blood concentrations of liver enzymes in affected cattle that did not die indicated that they had liver damage. High blood concentration of iron in cattle that died indicated possible interaction of copper and iron. 相似文献
100.
Knowledge of the dose-response relation of inactivated vaccines and of the factors that influence this relation is essential for the evaluation of existing vaccine potency assays and the development of new potency assays that are based on the antigen content of the inactivated vaccines. We quantified the relation between vaccine dose, serologic response, and clinical protection after vaccination for three different inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines. Qualitatively, similar dose-response curves were obtained for the three vaccines when either the serologic response or the clinical protection of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens was plotted against the different vaccine doses applied. However, the vaccines differed quantitatively: doses of vaccines that induced similar antibody titers or clinical protection differed 2-8-fold. In contrast with the narrow range of antibody titers induced by a full vaccine dose, a very broad range of titers was obtained after dilution of the vaccines. At least 95% of the SPF chickens with detectable antibody in the serum were protected against a challenge with virulent Herts ND virus. The relation between the dosage of two different ND vaccines and the serum antibody titers remained markedly constant between 3 and 18 wk after vaccination. Vaccination of broilers instead of layers with a dilution series of inactivated ND vaccine resulted in significantly lower antibody levels and less clinical protection against virulent challenge. In conclusion, despite quantitative differences, we found comparable dose-response relations for the three inactivated ND vaccines studied. 相似文献