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61.
Mineral inclusions encapsulated in diamonds are the oldest, deepest, and most pristine samples of Earth's mantle. They provide age and chemical information over a period of 3.5 billion years--a span that includes continental crustal growth, atmospheric evolution, and the initiation of plate tectonics. We compiled isotopic and bulk chemical data of silicate and sulfide inclusions and found that a compositional change occurred 3.0 billion years ago (Ga). Before 3.2 Ga, only diamonds with peridotitic compositions formed, whereas after 3.0 Ga, eclogitic diamonds became prevalent. We suggest that this resulted from the capture of eclogite and diamond-forming fluids in subcontinental mantle via subduction and continental collision, marking the onset of the Wilson cycle of plate tectonics. 相似文献
62.
Amino acid preferences for specific locations at the ends of alpha helices 总被引:113,自引:0,他引:113
A definition based on alpha-carbon positions and a sample of 215 alpha helices from 45 different globular protein structures were used to tabulate amino acid preferences for 16 individual positions relative to the helix ends. The interface residue, which is half in and half out of the helix, is called the N-cap or C-cap, whichever is appropriate. The results confirm earlier observations, such as asymmetrical charge distributions in the first and last helical turn, but several new, sharp preferences are found as well. The most striking of these are a 3.5:1 preference for Asn at the N-cap position, and a preference of 2.6:1 for Pro at N-cap + 1. The C-cap position is overwhelmingly dominated by Gly, which ends 34 percent of the helices. Hydrophobic residues peak at positions N-cap + 4 and C-cap - 4. 相似文献
63.
Armbrust EV Berges JA Bowler C Green BR Martinez D Putnam NH Zhou S Allen AE Apt KE Bechner M Brzezinski MA Chaal BK Chiovitti A Davis AK Demarest MS Detter JC Glavina T Goodstein D Hadi MZ Hellsten U Hildebrand M Jenkins BD Jurka J Kapitonov VV Kröger N Lau WW Lane TW Larimer FW Lippmeier JC Lucas S Medina M Montsant A Obornik M Parker MS Palenik B Pazour GJ Richardson PM Rynearson TA Saito MA Schwartz DC Thamatrakoln K Valentin K Vardi A Wilkerson FP Rokhsar DS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5693):79-86
Diatoms are unicellular algae with plastids acquired by secondary endosymbiosis. They are responsible for approximately 20% of global carbon fixation. We report the 34 million-base pair draft nuclear genome of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and its 129 thousand-base pair plastid and 44 thousand-base pair mitochondrial genomes. Sequence and optical restriction mapping revealed 24 diploid nuclear chromosomes. We identified novel genes for silicic acid transport and formation of silica-based cell walls, high-affinity iron uptake, biosynthetic enzymes for several types of polyunsaturated fatty acids, use of a range of nitrogenous compounds, and a complete urea cycle, all attributes that allow diatoms to prosper in aquatic environments. 相似文献
64.
We assessed the impact of clearcutting on small mammals in riparian areas and evaluated riparian buffer strips as a tool for conserving small mammals in managed forests. Over two summers, we trapped small mammals of seven species in riparian areas in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Communities of small mammals were compared across three different habitat types: (1) clearcut to the stream bank, (2) clearcut with a 30 m riparian buffer strip, and (3) control (no logging). Species richness was significantly lower in clearcuts than in controls and buffers. On clearcut sites, creeping voles were more abundant, but red-backed voles and dusky shrews were less abundant than at the control sites. At sites with riparian buffer strips, both voles were present in numbers similar to those found in controls, but dusky shrews were less common. Significantly more deer mice and creeping voles were infested with bot flies at clearcut sites than at buffer sites, and no animals were infested at any of the control sites. Riparian reserves appear to be useful in reducing the short-term impacts of clearcutting on small mammal communities, though they do not eliminate these impacts altogether. 相似文献
65.
Jenner F Edwards RB Voss JR Southwood L Markel MD Richardson DW 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(1):36-42
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of hydrothermal ablation of articular cartilage for arthrodesis in horses through investigation of the effects of joint lavage with physiologic saline (0.9% NaCI) solution (80 degrees C) for various treatment times on chondrocyte viability in the articular cartilage of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of cadaveric horse limbs. Sample Population-7 pairs of metacarpophalangeal and 8 pairs of metatarsophalangeal joints from 8 Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: The horses were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to musculoskeletal disease. On a random basis, 1 joint of each pair underwent intra-articular lavage for 5, 10, or 15 minutes with heated saline solution (80 degrees C); the other joint underwent sham treatment of similar duration with saline solution at 22 degrees C (control). Cartilage samples from the distal articular surface of metacarpus III (or metatarsus III), the proximal surface of the proximal phalanx, and the lateral and medial proximal sesamoid bones were assessed for chondrocyte viability via confocal microscopy and viability staining following enzymatic digestion. RESULTS: Compared with the control joints, findings of both viability assays indicated that the percentage of sites containing viable chondrocytes in heat-treated joints was decreased.Treatment hazard ratios of 0.048 (confocal microscopy) and 0.2 (digestion assay) were estimated. Histologically, periarticular soft tissues had minimal detrimental effects after heat treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ex vivo intra-articular lavage with saline solution at 80 degrees C resulted in the death of almost all articular chondrocytes in the joint. This technique may be a satisfactory method for extensive cartilage ablation when performing arthrodesis by minimally invasive techniques. 相似文献
66.
M W Ross D W Richardson G A Beroza 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1989,195(6):789-794
Thirteen Standardbreds had subchondral lucency of the third carpal bone (C3), described as single or multiple central areas of C3 bone loss in the radial fossa. Sclerosis of the radial fossa was also detected. The mean age of 9 stallions, 3 mares, and 1 gelding was 4.1 years (range, 3 to 7 years). All horses had an acute moderate to severe lameness referable to the middle carpal joint. A dorsoproximal dorsodistal (skyline) radiographic projection was most useful and identified mild (3 horses), moderate (6 horses), and severe (4 horses) subchondral lucency and sclerosis of the radial fossa. The margin of C3 was intact dorsal to the lucent areas in all horses. In 12 horses, arthroscopic surgical evaluation and curettage of the lesion were performed. Of the 9 horses monitored long enough to allow racing, 8 horses (89%) returned to racing, although only 6 (75%) raced at the same degree of competition. Subchondral lucency of C3 resulted from chronic damage to C3 with subsequent osteochondral collapse or acute C3 proximal surface osteochondral fracture. 相似文献
67.
68.
OBJECTIVE: To report a technique for, and outcome after, arthroscopic removal of dorsoproximal chip fractures of a proximal phalanx in standing horses. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: A total of 104 horses, 1 to 13 years of age, with a dorsoproximal chip fracture of a proximal phalanx. METHODS: Horses were restrained in standing stocks and sedated with intravenous xylazine, detomidine, or a combination of both drugs. Local analgesia was achieved with 2% mepivacaine administered intra-articularly and by subcutaneous infiltration in a crescent-shaped block dorsal to the fetlock. Sterile drapes were placed on the surgical field, and impervious drapes were used on the hoof and floor. Arthroscopic portals were created in the dorsal pouch of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints to remove chip fractures. Statistical analysis was performed on race records for all Thoroughbred racehorses and compared with previously published studies. Operative and hospitalization times were compared with those of the general hospital population, and risks associated with general anesthesia were examined. RESULTS: No major operative or postoperative complications occurred. Ninety-one percent of racehorses raced after surgery with 78% returning to race at the same or higher level. CONCLUSION: Standing arthroscopic surgery can be performed successfully to remove dorsoproximal chip fractures of the proximal phalanx. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Standing arthroscopic surgery is a valid alternative treatment for experienced surgeons to avoid the expense and potential risks associated with general anesthesia. 相似文献
69.
Data for this linecrossing study were the postweaning growth and weight records of calves born from 1967 through 1975. The records consisted of 264 bull (M) and 263 heifer (F) straightline (SL) calves; 108 M and 100 F two-line rotational cross (2W) calves; 130 M and 102 F three-line rotational cross (3W) calves and 58 M and 51 F synthetic variety (SV) calves, all in the Hereford breed. Average inbreeding percentages of calves and dams in Lines 1, 4, 6 and 10 were 24, 28, 34 and 28; respectively. The M calves were fed a growing-fattening diet for 196 d after a 14-d period of adjustment to postweaning environment. The F calves were fed to gain approximately .5 kg daily during winter from weaning to about 12 mo of age and were then grazed on native pasture until about 18 mo of age. For M, average percentage increases over SL by 2W, 3W and SV combined over three generations were respectively, 9.0, 11.0, 11.6 for initial weight; 5.9, 8.1, 8.8 for 140-d weight; 4.8, 7.2, 7.7 for final 196-d weight and 1.5, 4.2, 4.7 for 196-d gain. All above estimates of increased weight or gain over SL were significant except for 196-d gain in 2W. For F, average percentage increases over SL by 2W, 3W and SV, respectively, were 9.0, 10.9, 11.3 for initial weight; 8.2, 9.2, 8.4 for 12-mo weight; 7.5, 7.7, 9.1 for 18-mo weight; 5.2, 5.3, 5.7 for 18-mo score. All these estimated increases over SL were significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
70.
D W Richardson D M Nunamaker R D Sigafoos 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1987,191(3):316-321
Arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint was attempted in 9 adult horses, using a new external skeletal fixation device and autogenous cancellous bone graft. Four horses had excellent results, 2 horses had fair results, arthrodesis failed in 2 horses, and 1 horse fractured the third metacarpal bone. The advantages of the technique included minimal surgical trauma to the area of injury, immediate rigid fixation of the metacarpophalangeal joint, and access for treatment of soft-tissue lesions at the site of injury. Although pin loosening and pin-track infection were complications when the device was in place, all pin tracks healed without complications after device removal. 相似文献