Phosphorous acid treatments control Phytophthora diseases in Australia1

Treatments with a partially neutralized formulation of phosphorous acid containing potassium phosphite were assessed for control of Phytophthora diseases in subtropical and temperate crops in Australia. In Queensland, trunk injections of phosphite (10% solution) controlled severe root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi) of avocado trees and resulted in the recovery of trees. Single pre-harvest sprays (2.5 kg ha^-1) of phosphite controlled root and heart rot (P. cinnamomi) of pineapples. Foliar sprays of phosphite (64 g per tree) controlled root rot (P. nicotianae var. parasitica) and trunk canker (P. citrophthora) of mandarin trees. In Victoria, a foliar spray of phosphite (300 g ha^-1) reduced root rot (P. clandestina) of subterranean clover and increased dry matter by 1.96 to 5.11 t ha^-1. Trunk injections of phosphite (10% solution) controlled trunk rot (P. cactorum) of peach trees and foliar sprays (10 kg ha^-1) reduced severity of root rot (P. nicotianae var. nicotianae) of tomatoes.     

Female reproductive success in a species with an age‐inversed hierarchy

In most group‐living mammals, reproductive success declines with increasing age and increases with increasing rank. Such effects have mainly been studied in matrilineal and in “age positive” hierarchies, which are stable and in which high ranking females often outperform low ranking ones. These relationships are less well‐understood in age‐inversed dominance hierarchies, in which a female's rank changes over time. We analyzed demographic data of 2 wild, unprovisioned groups of gray langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) near Ramnagar, Nepal covering periods of 5 years each. Female rank was unstable and age‐inversed. We measured reproductive success via birth rates (57 births), infant survival (proportion of infants surviving to 2 years) and number of offspring surviving to 2 years of age (successful births) for 3 age and 3 rank classes. We found that old females performed significantly worse than expected (birth rate P = 0.04; successful births P = 0.03). The same was true for low ranking females (P = 0.04, and P < 0.01, respectively). Infant survival was highest for young and middle‐aged as well as for high and middle ranking females. Overall, the results for these unstable hierarchies were rather similar to those for stable hierarchies of other mammals, particularly several nonhuman primates. Compared to a provisioned population of a closely related species, the wild and unprovisioned population examined (i) showed stronger age effects, while (ii) female reproductive success was equally affected by rank. Future comparative studies are needed to examine whether captive or provisioned populations deviate predictably from wild populations.     

赣南红壤侵蚀区植被退化和恢复演替的初步研究

在对赣南典型红壤侵蚀区进行调查的基础上，结合有关资料论述了赣南红壤侵蚀区植被退化和恢复演替的基本规律，并结合退化和恢复过程提出了重要植被的措施。     

Phytophthora disease of alder (Alnus glutinosa) in France: investigations between 1995 and 1999

A severe decline of alder associated with an undescribed Phytophthora species was identified for the first time in England in 1993. No generalized decline of alder was reported in France before 1990. The first diebacks and mortalities of common alder were observed at the beginning of the 1990s, but the so‐called alder Phytophthora was not isolated in France until 1996. First, a synthesis about alder declines that were known in France before 1995 is presented. Then, a survey was established in north‐eastern France; 108 sites were visited and the alder Phytophthora was isolated from 57 of them. All the main rivers were found to be affected and damage levels are significant along some of them. The frequency of the alder Phytophthora and other fungi isolated from declining alders is discussed. Finally, information on other alder declines in France is presented region by region, and a map summarizes the known distribution of the disease. The alder Phytophthora is quite common and widespread in France, with western and north‐eastern France being especially affected; however, the number of diseased or dead trees varies greatly from one site to another. All records are from Alnus glutinosa; other Alnus species were seldom seen in the surveys.     

热带松树种、种源引种试验初报

地处南亚热带的福建省长泰岩溪国有林场引种 5种热带松树的 7a栽培试验表明 :湿地松×加勒比松F1、F2 代生长均优于马尾松、湿地松 ;台库努曼松、马克西姆松与湿地松持平 ,各种源间初显差异。卵果松生长虽好 ,但抗逆能力差 ;墨西哥松基本不能适应新的环境     

Methods for isolating the alder Phytophthora

Phytophthora disease of alder (Alnus spp.) is now widespread in Europe. In France, difficulties were initially encountered in attempts to isolate the pathogen from necrotic bark tissue but, with experience, a high degree of success was achieved by direct plating onto agar media. Both corn meal agar and a selective medium derived from PARBHy were satisfactory. Success depended largely on the activity of the fungus in the bark tissue and some evidence was obtained that this varied from year to year. However, autumn was found to be a generally good period for isolation. It is possible to store collected samples at 7 ± 4°C for some days. The alder Phytophthora was isolated from the water of two rivers with a baiting method using alder twigs but the efficiency of the method was low.     

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