Xylan-rich hemicelluloses-graft-acrylic acid ionic hydrogels with rapid responses to pH, salt, and organic solvents

Exploitation of biomaterials derived from renewable resources is an important approach to address environmental and resource problems in the world today. In this paper, novel ionic hydrogels based on xylan-rich hemicelluloses were prepared by free radical graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and xylan-rich hemicelluloses (XH) by using N,N-methylene-bis(acrylamide) (MBA) as cross-linker and ammonium persulfate/N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (APS/TMEDA) as redox initiator system. The network characteristics of the ionic hydrogels were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as by determination of mechanical properties, swelling, and stimuli responses to pH, salts, and organic solvents. The results showed that an increase in the MBA/XH or AA/XH ratio resulted in higher cross-linking density of the network and thus decreased the swelling ratio. Expansion of the network hydrogels took place at high pH, whereas shrinkage occurred at low pH or in salt solutions as well as in organic solvents. The ionic hydrogels had high water adsorption capacity and showed rapid and multiple responses to pH, ions, and organic solvents, which may allow their use in several areas such as adsorption, separation, and drug release systems.     

自动观测与人工观测土壤温度差异及分析

利用我国基本(准)站在人工观测与自动观测双轨运行期间的平行观测资料,分析了不同观测方式下各层土壤温度的差异.结果表明,全国平均自动与人工观测各层土壤温度的日对比差值均在0.11℃以下,且日对比差值随着深度的增加而减小.从5 cm到320 cm,无论冬季还是夏季,全国绝大部分地区平均对比差值在±0.2℃之间.由浅至深各层土壤温度日对比差值的标准差从0.78℃减小至0.47℃,其不确定度在5～ 20 cm时均超过了1.0℃,但在深层(40 cm及以下),不确定度已经低于1.0℃.除极个别站外,各层自动与人工观测日平均值无显著性差异.自动与人工观测土壤温度的差异主要是由于土壤中水平温度场分布非均匀和土壤垂直温度梯度很大及对比观测时间不同步造成的.     

Molecular characterization and PCR detection of a nitrogen-fixing Pseudomonas strain promoting rice growth

Nitrogen-fixing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the genus Pseudomonas have received little attention so far. In the present study, a nitrogen-fixing phytohormone-producing bacterial isolate from kallar grass (strain K1) was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by rrs (16S ribosomal RNA gene) sequence analysis. rrs identity level was high with an uncharacterized marine bacterium (99%), Pseudomonas sp. PCP2 (98%), uncultured bacteria (98%), and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (97%). Partial nifH gene amplified from strain K1 showed 93% and 91% sequence similarities to those of Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas stutzeri, respectively. The effect of Pseudomonas strain K1 on rice varieties Super Basmati and Basmati 385 was compared with those of three non-Pseudomonas nitrogen-fixing PGPR (Azospirillum brasilense strain Wb3, Azospirillum lipoferum strain N4 and Zoogloea strain Ky1) used as single-strain inoculants. Pseudomonas sp. K1 was detected in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants by enrichment culture in nitrogen-free growth medium, which was followed by observation under the microscope as well as by PCR using a rrs-specific primer. For both rice varieties, an increase in shoot biomass and/or grain yield over that of noninoculated control plants was recorded in each inoculated treatment. The effect of Pseudomonas strain K1 on grain yield was comparable to those of A. brasilense Wb3 and Zoogloea sp. Ky1 for both rice varieties. These results show that nitrogen-fixing pseudomonads deserve attention as potential PGPR inoculants for rice.     

仙客来栽培研究进展

主要从生物学特性、环境调控、激素调控等几方面对国内外仙客来栽培方面的研究情况进行了综述,同时对研究中存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了今后的研究方向和思路。     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状的影响

为研究低磷胁迫对小麦苗期性状的影响,在对照(200 μmol/L KH2PO4)和低磷(5 μmol/L KH2PO4)条件下比较了6个不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状指标。结果表明,小麦根系和地上部对低磷胁迫的反应不同,低磷诱导小麦根系伸长,根系生物量（根鲜重和根干重）增加,供试的6个小麦品种在低磷条件下的根系鲜重和干重与对照相比差异均达到显著或极显著水平。低磷处理对地上部则表现出抑制作用,但对不同品种的影响程度差异较大。总体来看,低磷胁迫处理对小麦根系性状的影响大于地上部性状,不同苗期性状受低磷胁迫影响的程度分别为：根系鲜重>最长根长>根系干重>地上部鲜重>地上部干重>苗长。6个供试小麦品种中,‘中国春’对低磷胁迫最为敏感,而‘京411’的耐低磷性相对较强。     

库尔勒香梨保鲜状况及贮藏中的新问题

库尔勒香梨是新疆特色的传统优势梨,不少学者认为库尔勒香梨是瀚海梨和鸭梨的自然杂交种。近年来,它已成为中国香港、东南亚市场上具有较强竞争力的水果。但是库尔勒香梨在贮藏过程中存在很多问题,严重影响了其销售量和经济效益,大大降低了商品价值,带来了较大的经济损失。     

两种植物冠层分析仪测量夏玉米LAI结果比较分析

植物冠层分析仪测量作物叶面积指数存在高估或低估现象,不同仪器的测量结果均与真实值存在差异,这种差异除了与仪器有关,还在不同的作物物候期表现出不同规律。本研究使用LAI-2000、Sunscan两种主流植物冠层分析仪测量夏玉米不同生育期LAI,并与LI-3000C叶面积仪实测结果比较。研究发现：当玉米LAI<1时,LAI-2000测量结果高于实际值,Sunscan测量结果与实际值无显著差异;12时,两种冠层分析仪测量结果均低于实际叶面积指数;不同LAI范围内,LAI-2000、Sunscan测量值与实际值的相关系数不同,最高可达0.9778和0.9637,通过建立测量值和实际值的经验关系模型,对仪器测量值进行校正可减少误差。     

稻田自动化鸭舍声训系统设计与试验研究

为使稻田自动化鸭舍在无人值守的情况下于日落之前自动唤鸭回舍,降低人工消耗,设计了稻田自动化鸭舍的声训系统。该系统可产生并自动播放不同类型、声压级及频率的纯音信号。以1月龄鸭子为研究对象,以声音的声压级和频率为试验因素,以鸭子回舍时间为试验指标,对声训系统进行了试验研究。结果表明:鸭子回舍时间与声音参数存在线性回归关系;当声压级为85d B、声音频率为18 577Hz时,鸭子回舍时间最快可达到19.52s,满足稻鸭共作生产的要求。研究结果为稻鸭共作技术条件下的自动化鸭舍设计提供了依据。     

秸秆覆盖对不同初始含水率土壤产沙过程的影响

秸秆覆盖是防治水土流失最有效的措施之一。该文通过模拟降雨（降雨强度为60 mm/h,降雨历时1 h）研究坡耕地在不同土壤初始含水率状态下秸秆覆盖变化对产沙过程的影响。试验地位于中国科学院红壤生态实验站,土壤类型为耕作铝质湿润淋溶土,试验小区为12 m×3 m,坡度为9%。处理分为5个水平的覆盖度（0、15%、30%、60%和90%）和2种土壤初始含水率（干态和湿态）。结果表明,在0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下,干态土壤平均产沙速率依次为24.5、15.8、10.4、11.2和1.0 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内略微增大。湿态土壤条件下平均产沙速率依次为115.6、70.0、49.6、34.8和31.9 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内下降明显。0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下平衡时产沙速率依次为52.5、30.5、22.8、19.8和15.4 g/(m2·h)。另外,5个水平的覆盖度中,30%的花生秸秆覆盖降低不同前期含水率下土壤产沙速率50%以上。因此,不同前期含水率情况下土壤产沙速率对秸秆覆盖度变化的响应非常明显,30%秸秆覆盖具有较为经济的水土保持效果。     

猪粪麦秆不同比例混合厌氧发酵特性试验

以猪粪、麦秆为原料,研究了35℃下二者按不同比例混合对厌氧消化产沼气的影响,分析了消化过程中日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷含量、原料去除率、pH值以及氨态氮质量浓度的变化。结果表明,猪粪与麦秆配比（干物质量比）1∶1时产气量最大,为383.0mL/g,是麦秆单独发酵产气量（231.8mL/g）的1.6倍;混合原料（猪粪和麦秆配比分别为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1）的VS去除率均在37%以上,比麦秆提高12.0%～26.9%;添加猪粪可提高发酵液中氨态氮含量,较麦秆提高35.6%～64.8%。因此,合理调控粪秆混合厌氧发酵的比例,能提高秸秆的产气率和利用率。