一株鸡源H6N1亚型禽流感病毒全基因的分子特征

2008年国家禽流感参考实验室在我国禽流感流行病学调查期间分离到1株鸡源H6N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)A/Chicken/ZheJiang/80/2008(H6N1)(简称为CK/ZJ/80/08),为了弄清该病毒的分子特征,我们对其8个基因片段分别进行扩增和序列测定,对每个基因进行BLAST分析,找出同源性最高的毒株。利用DNAStar中的Megalign功能进行进化分析。结果表明CK/ZJ/80/08的HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为QIETR↓GLF,推测可能为一株低致病力AIV。其HA基因与日本北海道的A/duck/Hokkaido/228/2003(H6N8)和黑龙江的A/mallard/Heilongjiang/131/2006(H6N2)以及香港早期分离株A/chicken/HongKong/17/77(H6N1)等处于同一分支;NA基因在颈部没有缺失,与A/duck/Tsukuba/718/2005(H1N1)、A/goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)等处于同一分支;M基因与A/duck/Hokkaido/W90/2007(H10N7)高度同源(同源性为99%);NS基因与A/duck/Denmark/65047/04(H5N2)和A/goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)处于同一分支。NP、PA、PB1、PB2分别与贵州和江西分离的H5N2亚型AIV的相应基因关系密切,同源性分别为98%、97%、97%、97%。由此推测CK/ZJ/80/08可能是由H6N2、H1N1、H10N7、H5N2等多个亚型病毒重组而成。     

Study on Phylogenetic Relationships of Five Breeds of Pigs by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA（RAPD）

RAPD was used to study the genetic divergency and phylogenetic relationships of five breeds of domestic pigs,including Min pig,Duroc,Yorkshired,Landrace and Junmu I pig. We selected fourteen primers from eighty random primers,caculated genetic distance index matrix and constructed phylogenetic tree with UPGMA methods. Genetic distance index matrix indicated that the genetic relationship between Junmu I pig and Landrace was the closest and the farthest between Duroc and min pig.     

Fungal endophyte infection increases carbon sequestration potential of southeastern USA tall fescue stands

Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceous (Schreb.)) is often infected with a common toxic fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum) capable of producing alkaloids that affect grazing animal health, insect herbivory, plant production, and litter decomposition. The strength of these endophyte-associated effects is thought to depend on the abiotic and biotic conditions of a specific site. Prior work from Georgia, USA, has demonstrated that fungal endophyte infection can increase soil carbon pools of tall fescue pastures; however, for endophyte infection to contribute substantially to regional carbon sequestration, this result would have to hold true across the broad range of environmental conditions that support tall fescue growth. In this study, we evaluated whether endophyte infection consistently alters various soil parameters, including carbon storage, of tall fescue stands located throughout the southeastern United States. Soil samples were collected from nine sites with established paired high- and low- endophyte-infected tall fescue stands. These samples were analyzed for basic soil parameters, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (TN), particulate and non-particulate organic matter-C and -N (POM, n-POM), C and N mineralization rates, and microbial biomass and community composition. Averaged across all sites, endophyte-infected tall fescue stands had 6% greater SOC and 5% greater TN pools in surface soil than adjacent endophyte-free stands. The lack of a significant interaction between site and endophyte infection status indicated that this result was relatively consistent across sites, despite differences in stand age, climate, and other environmental conditions. While POM C and POM N tended to be higher in endophyte-infected than endophyte-free stands, this result was not significant. However, greater pools of n-POM C and N were observed in endophyte-infected vs. endophyte-free stands when averaged across all the sites, suggesting increased retention of recalcitrant substrates occurred in response to fungal endophyte infection. Total microbial biomass, measured via phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, was greater in endophyte-infected than endophyte-free soils when averaged across sites, reflecting the trends observed with SOC and TN. Microbial community composition shifted somewhat in response to fungal endophyte infection: significantly higher fungal to bacterial ratios were observed in endophyte-free compared to endophyte-infected stands. However, ordinations of the PLFA data demonstrated only slight separation of endophyte-infected and endophyte-free microbial communities at some sites and no clear separation at others. Enhanced SOC, TN, recalcitrant n-POM C and N pools, and altered microbial biomass and communities suggest that this aboveground fungal endophyte symbiosis has widespread effects on soil biology and biochemistry, and that high prevalence of the aboveground endophyte increases C sequestration capacity of tall fescue stands throughout the southeastern USA.     

Leaf necrosis and twig dieback of sweet persimmon (Dyospiros kaki L.) caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Italy

In spring 1996, extensive leaf necrosis and twig dieback were observed on young sweet persimmon (Dyospiros kaki L.) trees, cultivars O'Gosho, Hachija, Mercatelli and Kaki-tipo planted in the Abruzzo region (central Italy). Many trees were killed. When the dieback reached the trunk, in many cases, new vegetation was noticed above the graft point. The cultivar Jiro-C was not affected by the disease. During 1997, no symptoms were observed on any plant. The orchard was planted in a clay soil with a very low content of organic matter. Biochemical, nutritional and pathogenicity tests indicated Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall as the causal agent of the disease. This is the first report of this bacterium as a pathogen of sweet persimmon in Europe.     

4YZP-4X自走式玉米收获机的设计研究

我国玉米收获机普遍存在可靠性低、适应性差、可操控性低及自动化水平落后等问题,不能满足玉米收获季节性强、劳动强度高、作业量大等实际作业需求。液压系统具有布置紧凑、操作方便、故障率低等优点,非常适合应用于结构形态多变、工作条件恶劣的农业机械。为此,结合目前玉米生产现状和现有技术装备,设计了一种静液压驱动自走式玉米收获机,可一次性完成摘穗、输送、剥皮和秸秆切碎还田等作业。田间性能试验结果表明:该机操控简单、可靠性高,主要性能指标均达到或优于国家标准。     

The persistence of Brucella melitensis in experimentally infected ewes through three reproductive cycles

The authors studied the persistence of infection in 46 ewes experimentally infected with Brucella melitensis biovar 3 and monitored through three subsequent reproductive cycles. The entire experimental period lasted for 151 weeks. Infection of ewes and elimination of Brucella in milk, or its presence in vaginal discharges, persisted throughout the duration of the trial, as demonstrated by recurrent elimination of Brucella in milk and vaginal discharges. Brucella melitensis was recovered from the tissues of one ewe killed at the end of the trial. The strain was recovered from vaginal swabs and milk following parturition in the third reproductive cycle from an ewe that had aborted in the first cycle but was not pregnant in the second cycle. From a public health point of view, the periodical recovery of Brucella from the milk during the entire trial period illustrated that brucellosis in sheep remains a continuous occupational risk and a significant public health problem for consumers of fresh milk and milk products. That risk may persist for at least 3 years following the initial infection of the flock. Lamb antibody titres became negative in all lambs within 5 months after birth. This suggested that serological tests on lambs may have no practical diagnostic significance if performed during the first 5 months of life. Nevertheless, the birth of three infected lambs suggested that the phenomenon of latent carrier state may represent another way for B. melitensis to persist in a flock.     

海头红提取物的抑菌活性及其抗菌成分的初步分离研究

以假单胞菌Pseudomnas aeruginosa、绿色木霉Trichoderma viede为供试食用菌病原菌,评价海头红提取物的抑菌活性,并采用生物活性追踪法对其中抑菌有效成分进行初步分离。结果表明,海头红乙醇提取物经萃取分离得到的石油醚萃取相、氯仿萃取相、乙酸乙酯萃取相中,氯仿萃取相和乙酸乙酯萃取相对假单胞菌具有较好的抑制作用,100mg·mL-1浓度下抑菌圈直径分别为14.3mm和8mm;石油醚和氯仿萃取相对绿色木霉的菌丝生长的抑制作用较好,72h抑制率分别达54.57%和36.55%。对乙酸乙酯组分通过2次硅胶柱层析分离,得到一个具有抑菌活性的组分D,其对假单胞菌的抑菌圈为13mm(100mg·mL-1),对绿色木霉的菌丝生长72h抑制率为48.53%(50mg·mL-1)。对组分D进行GC-MS分析,初步判定其中抑菌有效成分为4-羟基苯甲醛,有关其抑菌有效成分的纯化与鉴定有待进一步研究。     

鸡舍空气真菌浓度空间分布规律的研究

采用撞击法(FA-1型6级Andersen空气采样器),自然沉降法对冬季雏鸡舍气溶胶真菌进行采样,所用培养基为PDA和RBC,采样时间5 min,采样高度分别为0 m(鸡舍地面),1 m(鸡群密度较大高度),1.5m(人体呼吸高度).结果共鉴定出18个属,其中优势菌群有曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)和木霉属(Trichoderma).研究显示,采用撞击法时两种培养基的真菌浓度均随采样高度的升高而增加,PDA中CMD值在1 m处最小,RBC中CMD值随采样高度的升高而减小.沉降法时两种培养基的真菌浓度均在1 m处最高.