近10年来我国草原虫害生物防控综合配套技术的研究与推广进展

草原虫害防治是农业部较早大规模组织开展的防灾减灾工作之一。在长期的实践工作中,草原虫害防治始终坚持“预防为主,综合防治”的植保方针,逐步建立了“以生物防治为主,化学防治为辅”的技术路线。2002年起,全国畜牧总站在全国牧区组织开展了《草原虫害生物防控综合配套技术推广应用》项目。该项目的实施带动了全国的草原害虫防治,为草原可持续发展提供了技术支撑。本文以该项目的进展为基础,简要总结介绍了草原害虫防治的实施背景、开展情况及建设成果,包括以生态系统平衡原理为指导,对虫害监测预警、生物防控和施药技术等进行集成创新与组装配套,使草原害虫密度长期控制在经济阈值以下,实现草原生态系统平衡等。     

广西山羊蓝舌病血清学调查及流行区域分布的影响因素分析

为了解广西地区山羊蓝舌病(BT)流行现状,本研究采用免疫扩散试验对采自广西11个地区的3 646份山羊血清进行BT血清学调查,结果表明,广西地区山羊群普遍存在BT感染,并且血清阳性率存在地域性差异,阳性率为6.3%～45.1%,平均阳性率为20.5%。对不同生长阶段山羊的血清阳性率进行统计,结果显示成年羊的阳性率高于羔羊,分别为22.1%和17.4%,这可能与成年羊接触媒介昆虫的机会较多有关。对BT流行区域分布与地理位置和气候等自然因素之间的相关性分析表明,广西山羊BT血清阳性率与地理位置有一定相关性,与年平均气温显著相关,与年平均降雨量无显著相关性,由此可见,地理位置和气温是BT流行病学的影响因素。     

类胡萝卜素与草坪草耐荫性的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外在类胡萝卜素与草坪草耐荫性研究的进展,阐述了类胡萝卜素的分子结构及分类、生理功能、遗传基因、提取的方法和目前国内外研究草坪草耐荫的进展,探讨了将类胡萝卜素中色素的比值作为一种新的指标的可行性,并对该领域存在的问题和今后的发展趋势作了分析,以期为草坪草耐荫性研究提供参考.     

猪圆环病毒2型核酸疫苗的小鼠免疫保护试验

为了研究猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)核酸疫苗在小鼠攻毒试验中的免疫保护效果,以PCV-2 GXWZ-1株为模板,扩增出ORF2基因及其截短基因8个片段(A(ORF2)、B(51-100aa)、C(101-150aa)、D(181-235aa)、E(151-200aa)、F(51-150aa)、G(101-235aa)、H(51-235aa)),将其插入到pcDNA3.0载体中,构建出真核表达质粒,并将其转染至PK-15细胞,用间接免疫荧光试验检测其瞬时表达情况。将试验小鼠随机分成9组,其中免疫组7组,阴阳性对照各1组,将纯化的真核表达质粒对小鼠进行组合免疫;二免后,用经处理过的PCV-2 GXWZ-2株阳性病料悬液腹腔注射免疫组和非免疫对照组小鼠,阴性对照组用生理盐水腹腔注射;其后进行体重记录、病理切片制作及PCR检测。结果表明:共有6个真核表达质粒成功在PK-15细胞中表达。在攻毒后的3周内,阳性对照组小鼠PCR诊断均为阳性;免疫组中,部分组小鼠在攻毒后第1周或在第2周为阳性,到第3周时各免疫组小鼠全部为阴性;阴性对照组始终为阴性。免疫组在病理保护学方面明显优于非免疫对照组,非免疫对照组的体重增长速率略低于免疫组和阴性对照组。由此可见猪圆环病毒2型核酸疫苗在小鼠攻毒试验中有明显的保护作用。     

昆明草坪草混播配方优化组合模式探讨

在昆明独特的气候条件下，通过对运动场草坪、观赏草坪和护坡草坪三类草坪混播配方的调查研究，探讨出了适应云南地区种植的9种优化组合。运动场草坪：草地早熟禾（Poapratensis L．）＋高羊茅（Festucaarundinacea Schreb．）＋多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne L．），草地早熟禾＋高羊茅，草地早熟禾＋狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon（L．）Pers、）＋多年生黑麦草；观赏草坪：草地早熟禾＋匍匐翦股颖（Agrostisstolonifera L．），草地早熟禾＋紫羊茅（Festuca rubraL．），草地早熟禾（优异）＋草地早熟禾（蓝月）＋草地早熟禾（新哥来得）＋草地早熟禾（肯塔基）；护坡草坪：高羊茅＋多年生黑麦草＋狗牙根，高羊茅＋多年生黑麦草＋狗牙根＋白三叶（Trifolium repens L．），高羊茅＋多年生黑麦草＋狗牙根＋白三叶＋紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L．）。     

Sporadic cases and an outbreak of leptospirosis probably associated with recreational activities in rivers in the northern part of Okinawa Main Island

In the summer of 2003, sporadic cases and an outbreak of human leptospirosis probably related to recreation in rivers occurred in the northern part of Okinawa Main Island. Sixteen of 22 suspected cases were definitely diagnosed as leptospirosis by serological test or isolation. The infective leptospiral serovar in 14 cases was presumed to be Hebdomadis. Transmission was thought to occur by exposure to river water that was contaminated by the urine of infected animals. The findings indicate that recreation in rivers in this area is a significant risk factor for infection with leptospires.     

Relationship between latency of brainstem auditory‐evoked potentials and head size in dogs

Summary

Cranium and brainstem dimensions were measured in 32 postmortem dog heads. Positive correlations were found between cranium length (CL) and brainstem length (BL) (r=0.87), between cranium width (CW) and brainstem width (BW) (r=0.83), and between cranium distance (CD = CL CW/2) and brainstem distance (BD = BL+BW/2) (r=0.91). Positive correlation coefficients were also found between CL and CW (r=0.90), and between BL and BW (r=0.85). It was concluded that head size accurately reflected brainstem size. A least squares estimation of the brainstem distance (BD) from CL and CW values was BD = 10.9 + 0.16 (CL CW/2) (BD, CL and CW in mm).

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and cranium dimensions were measured in 43 dogs (86 ears) with different head size, body size, sex and age. Wave form, absolute and interpeak latencies and correlation coefficients, relating latencies to cranium dimensions and body weight, were analysed CL, CW, and CD were positively correlated with body weight (r=0.93, 0.70 and 0.93, respectively), and CL, CW, and CD were correlated with age (r=0.33, 0.52 and 0.40, respectively). BAEPs consisted of five distinct positive peaks (I to V). Secondary positive peaks following peaks I and II were seen in 60% (I') and 90% (II') of the recordings. Late waves were recorded in 90% (VI), 50% (VII), and 25% (VIII) of the recordings. Latencies increased with decreasing stimulus intensity level (from 90 dB to 10 dB hearing level, HL),especially for peaks I, II, V, and the I‐V interpeak interval Absolute and interpeak latencies were positively correlated with cranium distance and body weight. Correlation coefficients increased as wave latencies increased At 90 dB HL, the highest correlation coefficients, relating cranium distance to peak V and the I‐V interpeak latency, were 0.55 and 0.53 (P < 0.00001), respectively. Regression analysis showed that each 1 cm increase in cranium distance was accompanied by an increase of 0.006 ms in the latency of wave I, 0.03 ms for wave III, 0.05 ms for wave V, and 0.05 ms for the I‐V interpeak interval Regression analysis showed that an increase of 1 kg in body weight was accompanied by an increase of 0.001 ms in the latency of wave I, 0.005 ms for wave III, 0.011 ms for wave V, and 0.01 ms for the I‐V interpeak interval. It is concluded that head size, which accurately reflects brain size, is a relevant source (25%) of intersubject variance of BAEP latencies in the dog.     

乳酸杆菌在畜禽生产中的应用效果

乳酸杆菌是动物自身肠道中的正常菌株之一，可以通过生物拮抗作用、改善肠道微生物的生态环境、增强肠道上皮细胞的屏障层及提高动物的免疫功能等机制而在畜禽生产中发挥其益生素的作用。许多试验及实际应用都表明了乳酸杆菌作为单一制剂或复合制剂中的一种可以提高畜禽生产性能、发挥预防及治疗腹泻的作用，被国内外公认为有效的益生素。     

Apparent zinc absorption and zinc status of weanling rats fed moderately zinc‐deficient diets enriched with beef tallow or sunflower oil

The aim of the study was to compare apparent Zn absorption and Zn status of weanling rats fed diets that differed in Zn level, fat level and fat source. Semi‐synthetic diets, which were about isoenergetic and contained 3% soyabean oil, were supplemented with 7 or 100 mg Zn/kg to create a mild Zn deficiency (LZ) or a high Zn supply (HZ) and with 0 (LF), 22% beef tallow (BT) or 22% sunflower oil (SF) according to a 2 × 3 factorial design of treatments. They were fed ad libitum to 6 × 8 rats for 28 days. Energy intake and growth rates were comparable among the HZ groups. Weight gains in the LZ‐LF, LZ‐BT and LZ‐SF groups averaged 5.54, 4.95 and 4.15 g/day, and apparent Zn absorption averaged 79.4, 60.3 and 48.0 μg Zn/day, respectively, whereas faecal Zn excretion was comparable among these groups. Apparent Zn absorption, and plasma and femur Zn concentrations were lower in the high‐fat groups than in the LF group, possibly due to the high cellulose content of the BT and SF diets. Plasma Zn concentrations were higher in the animals fed the BT‐based than in the SF‐based diets, whereas femur and soft tissue Zn concentrations were comparable among these groups. The differences between the LZ‐BT and LZ‐SF groups in growth rate, Zn absorption rate and Zn status were confirmed in a second experiment. The results indicate that moderately Zn‐deficient diets enriched with SF in relation to BT affect Zn metabolism of weanling rats by a yet unknown mechanism.