Soil management for Alfisols in the semiarid tropics: erosion, enrichment ratios and runoff

Abstract. Continuous cultivation of soils of the semiarid tropics has led to significant land degradation. Soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by high runoff volumes have reduced crop yields and contributed to offsite damage. We compared a number of soil management practices (tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems) for their potential to improve crop production and land resource protection in an Alfisol of the semiarid tropics of India. Runoff and soil erosion were monitored and surface soil and sediment were analysed for nitrogen and carbon to determine enrichment ratios. Amelioration of soils with organic additions (farmyard manure, rice straw) or rotating perennial pasture with annual crops increased soil carbon and nitrogen contents and reduced runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss. Soil erosion totalled less than 7 t ha^–1, but enrichment ratios were often greater than 2 resulting in up to 27 kg N ha^–1 and 178 kg C ha^–1 being lost in sediment. Up to an extra 250 mm of water per year infiltrated the soil with organic additions and was available for crop water use or percolation to groundwater. The results show that there are good opportunities for reducing degradation and increasing productivity on farms.     

赤霉素对‘粉红朱砂’和‘虎丘晚粉’开花的影响

该文研究了不同时间、不同浓度的赤霉素处理对‘粉红朱砂’和‘虎丘晚粉’两种露地栽培梅花的花期、展叶期和落蕾率的影响。结果表明 :2 0 0 0mg L的赤霉素在 10月底至 11月处理可使‘粉红朱砂’的花期提前约 1个月 ,展叶期提前 30～ 4 1d ,但同时出现明显的落蕾效应 ;而 1月处理使‘虎丘晚粉’始花期、末花期均延迟 ,同时开花量增加 ,且观赏期延长。研究还探讨了温度作为梅花开花的主导因子对试验研究的影响。     

Contributions of the visual ventral pathway to long-range apparent motion

Objects displaced intermittently across the visual field will nonetheless give an illusion of continuous motion [called apparent motion (AM)] under many common conditions. It is believed that form perception is of minor importance in determining AM, and that AM is mediated by motion-sensitive areas in the "where" pathway of the cortex. However, form and motion typically interact in specific ways when natural objects move through the environment. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure cortical activation to long-range AM, compared to short-range AM and flicker, while we varied stability of structural differences between forms. Long-range AM activated the anterior-temporal lobe in the visual ventral pathway, and the response varied according to the form stability. The results suggest that long-range AM is associated with neural systems for form perception.     

Pigeonpea improvement: An amalgam of breeding and genomic research

In the past five decades, constant research has been directed towards yield improvement in pigeonpea resulting in the deployment of several commercially acceptable cultivars in India. Though, the genesis of hybrid technology, the biggest breakthrough, enigma of stagnant productivity still remains unsolved. To sort this productivity disparity, genomic research along with conventional breeding was successfully initiated at ICRISAT. It endowed ample genomic resource providing insight in the pigeonpea genome combating production constraints in a precise and speedy manner. The availability of the draft genome sequence with a large‐scale marker resource, oriented the research towards trait mapping for flowering time, determinacy, fertility restoration, yield attributing traits and photo‐insensitivity. Defined core and mini‐core collection, still eased the pigeonpea breeding being accessible for existing genetic diversity and developing stress resistance. Modern genomic tools like next‐generation sequencing, genome‐wide selection helping in the appraisal of selection efficiency is leading towards next‐generation breeding, an awaited milestone in pigeonpea genetic enhancement. This paper emphasizes the ongoing genetic improvement in pigeonpea with an amalgam of conventional breeding as well as genomic research.     

Uneven ripening in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) berries in India is linked to seed viability

Uneven ripening (UR) is a physiological disorder of unknown origin in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) leading to wine of inferior quality. A preliminary study found wide variations in total dehydrogenase activity (TDH) of seeds from unevenly ripe berries. In our experiments, gibberellin (GA₃) applied to young grapes increased seed TDH activity and reduced the incidence of uneven ripening to 2% compared with 35% in the control. In contrast, paclobutrazol (PBZ) decreased TDH activity and increased the incidence of the disorder to 58%. GA₃-treated berries had higher concentrations of sucrose and TDH activity in seed representing mature seeds with high viability. In contrast, PBZ-treated and control berries had higher concentrations of glucose and lower TDH activity, indicating immature seeds with low viability. These results suggested that competition among developing berries can lead to differences in seed gibberellin content, seed viability and the rate of berry growth resulting in green, purple, and black berries at harvest. The study established the role of seed viability in uneven ripening and demonstrated that the incidence of the disorder is reduced by the application of GA₃ to immature berries.     

基于ADAMS的油茶果采摘机械臂试验设计及优化

针对目前我国油茶采摘主要以人工为主,劳动强度大、采摘效率低等问题,设计了一种适合园艺化栽培的履带式油茶果采摘机,并在Adams软件中对机械臂进行试验设计和优化仿真。试验数据表明:油茶果采摘机工作区间与各机械臂的长度和液压缸安装距离呈线性相关,最佳组合处的机械臂长度总和减小25.67%,可为油茶果采摘机的机械臂设计提供参考。     

Frequency and fertility restoration efficiency of Rf3 and Rf4 genes in Indian rice

Identification of new parental lines is crucial for developing ecology‐specific hybrids with ideal agronomic performance. We screened a total of 570 different ecology‐specific Indian rice varieties for the presence of fertility restorer genes, Rf3 and Rf4 using tightly linked markers DRRM Rf3‐10 and RM6100, respectively. Among these varieties, 13% carried Rf3Rf3/Rf4Rf4, 31% carried rf3rf3/rf4rf4, 6% carried Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4 and remaining 50% carried Rf4Rf4/rf3rf3 allelic combinations. A mini set of 40 varieties with variable allelic combinations of fertility restorer genes were testcrossed with WA and Kalinga‐based CMS lines. All the 80 F₁s were evaluated for spikelet fertility and fertility restoration ability. Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4 genotypes mostly behaved as partial maintainers or partial restorers. In contrast, rf3rf3/Rf4Rf4 genotypes were partial or effective restorers. However, double dominant genotypes showed better fertility restoration than the genotypes containing Rf3 or Rf4 individually. Some of the genotypes showed unexpected restoration pattern implying occurrence of other fertility restorer(s) apart from Rf3 and Rf4. The perfect restorers and maintainers identified in this study can be directly used in hybrid rice breeding.     

Agronomic traits of soybean cultivars released in different decades after grafting record‐yield cultivar as rootstock

Breeders have seldom considered the selection for root traits during the genetic improvement in soybean. It is hypothesized that grain yield would be increased by the root function improvement, especially for the current cultivars. The objective of this grafting experiment was to determine the effect of record‐yield cultivars L14 or Z35 as rootstocks on agronomic traits of cultivars released in different decades. A total of 11 cultivars, released in different decades, were used to graft onto L14 or Z35 rootstocks. The agronomic traits were measured in the pot‐culture experiments. Grafting cultivars released in different decades onto L14 or Z35 rootstocks resulted in higher yield, 100‐seed mass and apparent harvest index as compared with those of non‐grafted or self‐grafted plants. Grain yield gain of cultivars grafted onto record‐yield cultivar rootstocks was 0.40 g/plant/year from 1966 to 2006, which was larger than that of non‐grafts and self‐grafts (0.27 g/plant/year). The yield of current cultivars should increase more if their root functions were improved.     

地方院校化学专业本科毕业论文完成过程中学生科研素养培养

论述了地方院校化学专业本科毕业论文完成过程中出现的问题,针对化学专业本科毕业生考研学生越来越多的一个现状,设计通过四个方面培养学生独立查阅英文文献和数据库的能力、独立设计实验方案的能力、实验过程中分析数据和处理数据的能力和正确撰写学术型科研论文的能力,从而培养他们的研学素养,为他们日后继续深造打下坚实的基础。     

基于迁移学习的葡萄叶片病害识别及移动端应用

为解决已有的卷积神经网络在小样本葡萄病害叶片识别的问题中出现的收敛速度慢,易产生过拟合现象等问题,提出了一种葡萄叶片病害识别模型(Grape-VGG-16,GV),并针对该模型提出基于迁移学习的模型训练方式。将VGG-16网络在ImageNet图像数据集上学习的知识迁移到本模型中,并设计全新的全连接层。对收集到的葡萄叶片图像使用数据增强技术扩充数据集。基于扩充前后的数据集,对全新学习、训练全连接层的迁移学习、训练最后一个卷积层和全连接层的迁移学习3种学习方式进行了试验。试验结果表明,1)迁移学习的2种训练方式相比于全新学习准确率增加了10～13个百分点,并在仅训练25轮达到收敛,该方法有效提升了模型分类性能,缩短模型的收敛时间;2)数据扩充有助于增加数据的多样性,并随着训练次数的增加,训练与测试准确率同步上升,有效缓解了过拟合现象。在迁移学习结合数据扩充的方式下,所构建的葡萄叶片病害识别模型(GV)对葡萄叶片病害的识别准确率能达到96.48%,对健康叶、褐斑病、轮斑病和黑腐病的识别准确率分别达到98.04%、98.04%、95.83%和94.00%。最后,将最终的研究模型部署到移动端,实现了田间葡萄叶片病害的智能检测,为葡萄病害的智能诊断提供参考。