有机硅表面活性剂Tech-408和Fairland2408对农药雾滴在烟草叶片上覆盖面积的影响

[目的]研究有机硅表面活性剂Tech-408和Fairland2408对农药雾滴在烟草叶片上覆盖面积的影响,寻找提高农药使用效率的途径.[方法]将10％吡虫啉乳油稀释3 000倍,分别加入有机硅表面活性剂Fairland2408和Tech-408以及农乳500#后,采用连续拍摄的方法,测试直径范围为340～360 μm单个雾滴在‘NC471,、‘云110,和‘T66'3种烟叶片上的蒸发时间和覆盖面积,重点研究Fairland2408和Tech-408对药液雾滴在烟草叶片上覆盖面积的影响规律.[结果]表面活性剂不同,雾滴覆盖面积的扩展程度也不同.当Tech-408、Fairland2408和农乳500#的添加比例为0.03％时,雾滴覆盖面积在上述3种烟叶片上扩展的平均倍数分别为8.1、6.4倍和1.2倍.表面活性剂添加比例不同,其对农药雾滴覆盖面积的影响程度也明显不同.随着Tech-408、Fairland2408和农乳500#的添加比例从0.03％增加到0.1％,雾滴在‘T66’烟叶片上覆盖面积分别增大了39.8％、156.1％和53.3％.[结论]有机硅表面活性剂Tech-408和Fairland2408和其添加比例均对吡虫啉在烟叶上的雾滴覆盖程度有明显影响.     

Identification of sugarcane grassy shoot-associated phytoplasma and one of its putative vectors in India

During a survey of sugarcane fields at the Sugarcane Research Institute, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, in August–September 2012, 6% to 28% incidence of sugarcane grassy shoot disease was observed in different fields of sugarcane variety CoS 7250. The association of phytoplasma with symptomatic sugarcane was confirmed by direct and nested PCR amplification of phytoplasma ribosomal gene. Four different delphacid leafhopper species, viz. Cofana unimaculata Signoret, Exitianus indicus (Distant), Sogatella kolophon Kirkaldy and Hishimonus phycitis (Dist.) were the prevalent feeding species of the Auchenorrhyncha fauna in the symptomatic sugarcane fields. Out of these four leafhopper species, only E. indicus tested positive for phytoplasma presence. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the phytoplasmas from sugarcane and E. indicus in the present study were members of 16Sr XI. The confirmation of association of sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma in E. indicus population is important to understand the secondary spread of this phytoplasma in sugarcane plants.     

快速溶剂萃取/气相色谱测定果蔬中有机氯农药残留的研究

建立了使用快速溶剂萃取（ASE）技术提取,毛细管柱为分离柱,以电子捕获检测器检测,用气相色谱法同时测定果蔬中15种有机氯农药的残留量.与国标法--振荡萃取法（MSE）相比,在保证足够的准确度的前提下,具有前处理时间短、所用试剂少的特点.用该方法测试的结果表明,在5种果蔬中填加一定浓度的待测物时,各种待测物的回收率均在85.7%～108.5%之间;相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.9%～9.5%（6次测定平均值）;最低检出限为1.1～20μg/kg.之间,结果表明,使用ASE萃取果蔬中有机氯农药符合国标规定的农药残留检测的需要.     

氯在土壤和植物中的分布动态研究

采用渗漏液测定法，研究了ＣＩ＾－在３种紫色土中的迁移和在稻植株中的分布。结果表明，旱作渗漏液中的ＣＩ＾－浓度随生育期的进程而逐渐增高。     

Vapor-phase toxicity of Derris scandens Benth.-derived constituents against four stored-product pests

The vapor-phase toxicity of Derris scandens Benth.-derived constituents was evaluated against four stored-product pests ( Callosobruchus chinensis L., Sitophilus oryzae L., Rhyzopertha dominica L., and Tribolium castaneum H.) using fumigation bioassays and compared to those of commonly used insecticides. The structures of all constituents of were characterized by spectroscopic analyses [nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry]. The sensitivity of the test insect to compounds varied with exposure time, concentration, and insect species. Over 100% mortality after 24 h was achieved with the compounds osajin (2), scandinone (5), sphaerobioside (8), and genistein (9) against all of the test insects, while laxifolin (3) and lupalbigenin (4) showed 100% mortality after 72 h against T. csataneum and R. dominica . Scandenone (1), scandenin A (6), and scandenin (7) were less effective. Among the insects, C. chinensis , S. oryzae , and R. dominica were more susceptible to the treatments, whereas T. castaneum was less susceptible. The results of fumigation tests indicated that compounds from D. scandens whole plant extract are potential candidates to control stored-product pests.     

Efficiency of various insects in germplasm regeneration of carrot, onion and turnip rape accessions

Seed regeneration is one of the most important tasks in genebank work. To regenerate germplasm of allogamous, entomophilous plant species in isolation facilities, insects are often used as pollen vectors. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pollinator species, pollinator densities, pollinator combinations, and flower preferences on the seed quantity and quality of Daucus carota, Allium cepa, and Brassica rapa. The isozyme phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) served as genetic marker in determining outcrossing rates and pollen dispersal distances. Field plots and isolation cages without insects were used as controls. The pollinators studied consisted of the following insect species from German native fauna: red mason bees (Osmia rufa L.), hoverflies (Eristalis tenax L.), and blowflies (Calliphora sp. and Lucilia sp.). In D. carota and B. rapa, higher seed yields were achieved in isolation cages than in field plots, but in A. cepa lower seed yields were obtained in the isolation cages. Although O. rufa showed no liking for A. cepa, unintentional pollination was effected by this insect in isolation cages. Lower insect densities were necessary for O. rufa than for the various fly species.     

Genetic analysis of semidwarf mutants induced in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The mode of inheritance of five semidwarf (SD) mutants and allelic relationship with DGWG (sd1) locus was studied. The five SD mutants viz., Basmati 370 (SD1), Basmati 370 (SD2), Basmati 370 (SD3), TCA 2 (SD) and TCA P2-5 (SD) when crossed with their tall parents exhibited monogenic inheritance of 3 tall: 1 semidwarf in the F2 progenies. The SD mutants were also crossed with semidwarf varieties (DGWG and Bala) possessing sd1 gene. Crosses between Basmati 370 (SD1) × Bala, Basmati 370 (SD3) × Bala and TCA 2 (SD) × DGWG produced tall F1 hybrids and in F2 generation, modified dihybrid ratios (9 : 6 : 1 and 9 : 7) were observed indicating that the mutants Basmati 370 (SD1), Basmati 370 (SD3) and TCA 2 (SD) are non-allelic to sd1 gene. Whereas, the mutants Basmati 370 (SD2) and TCA P2-5 (SD) when crossed with Bala produced semidwarf F1 hybrids and in F2 generation, segregation for plant height was not observed indicating that these mutants are allelic to sd1 gene. The three non-allelic SD mutants identified in the present study can be used in rice breeding as alternative gene sources for semidwarfism. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.