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51.
52.
Summary Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) is an important pest of sorghum in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean Europe, and host plant resistance is an important
component for the management of this pest. The levels of resistance in the cultivated germplasm are low to moderate, and therefore,
it is important to identify genotypes with different mechanisms of resistance to pyramid the resistance genes. We studied
the antixenosis for oviposition, antibiosis, and tolerance components of resistance in a diverse array of shoot fly-resistant
and -susceptible genotypes. The main plants and tillers of SFCR 151, ICSV 705, SFCR 125, and, IS 18551 experienced lower shoot
fly deadhearts at 28 days after seedling emergence, produced more number of productive tillers. The insects fed on these genotypes
also exhibited longer larval period (10.1–11.0 days compared to 9.3 days on Swarna), lower larval survival and adult emergence
(54.7–67.8 and 46.7–52.2% compared to 73.3 and 60.6% on Swarna, respectively), and lower growth and adult emergence indices
as compared to the susceptible check, Swarna. Physico-chemical traits such as leaf glossiness, trichome density, and plumule
and leaf sheath pigmentation were found to be associated with resistance, and chlorophyll content, leaf surface wetness, seedling
vigor, and waxy bloom with susceptibility to shoot fly and explained 88.5% of the total variation in deadhearts. Step-wise
regression indicated that 90.4% of the total variation in deadhearts was due to leaf glossiness and trichome density. The
direct and indirect effects, correlation coefficients, multiple and step-wise regression analysis suggested that deadhearts,
plants with eggs, leaf glossiness, trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaf, and leaf sheath pigmentation can be used
as marker traits to select for resistance to shoot fly, A. soccata in sorghum. 相似文献
53.
M.?K.?Dhillon H.?C.?SharmaEmail author B.?V.?S.?Reddy Ram?Singh J.?S.?Naresh Zhu?Kai 《Euphytica》2005,144(3):275-283
Summary The shoot fly, Atherigona soccata is an important pest of sorghum, and host plant resistance is one of the most effective components for managing this pest.
Most of the hybrids grown in India based on milo cytoplasm (A1 cytoplasm) are highly susceptible to shoot fly. Therefore, the present studies were undertaken to evaluate different male-sterile
cytoplasms (CMS) for their relative susceptibility to sorghum shoot fly. Oviposition and deadheart formation were significantly
lower on the maintainer lines as compared to the corresponding male-sterile lines. Among the cytoplasms tested, A4M cytoplasm showed antixenosis for oviposition and suffered lower deadheart formation than the other cytoplasms tested. The
A4G1 and A4M cytoplasms suffered lower deadhearts in tillers than the other cytoplasms. Recovery following shoot fly damage in A4M, A3, and A2 cytoplasms was better than in the other cytoplasms tested. The larval and pupal periods were longer and male and female pupal
weights lower in A4M and A4VzM CMS backgrounds compared to the other CMS systems. Fecundity and antibiosis indices on CMS lines were lower than on the
B-lines. The A4M cytoplasm was found to be relatively resistant to sorghum shoot fly, and can be exploited for developing shoot fly-resistant
hybrids for sustainable crop production in future. 相似文献
54.
Ambrona J Maqueda M Zamora E Ramírez M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(19):7438-7443
Winemaking with selected yeasts requires simple and cheap techniques to monitor the yeast population dynamics. We obtained new sulfometuron (smr) resistant mutants, easy to detect by replica-plate assay, from selected wine yeasts. The mutations were dominant and were located at the ilv2 locus that encodes for acetolactate synthase enzyme. The mutants were genetically stable and maintained the killer phenotype of the parent yeast strain. They were genetically improved by elimination of recessive growth-retarding alleles followed by spore clone selection according to the must fermentation kinetics and the organoleptic quality of the wine. Some mutants were tested in industrial winemaking and were easily monitored during must fermentation using a simple plate assay. They accounted for more than 95% of the total yeasts in the must, and the resulting wine had as good a quality as those made with standard commercial wine yeasts. 相似文献
55.
A micropropagation method for Jaal (Salvadora persica)—a tree of arid horticulture and forestry has been developed. Nodal segments of fresh shoot sprouts originated from axillary
buds obtained from a plant around 35–40 years old lopped plant were used as explants for establishment of in vitro cultures.
Surface-sterilized explants produced optimum number of shoots through activation of axillary buds on Murashige and Skoog’s
(MS) medium containing 8.88 μM BA (6-benzyladenine) + additives (25 mgl−1 each of adenine sulphate, arginine, citric acid, 50 mgl−1 ascorbic acid). The shoot multiplication was influenced by the successive transfer of the mother explants for 4–5 passages.
The maximum number (23.1 ± 0.73 shoots per explant) of shoots were regenerated on MS supplemented with 1.11 μM BA + 1.16 μM
Kn (Kinetin) + 0.54 μM NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid). About 90% shoots pulse-treated with a combination of 2460.27 μM Indole-3-butyric
acid (IBA) + 494.56 μM NOA (2-naphthoxy acetic acid) were rooted ex vitro on soilrite within 15–18 days. Over 80% cloned plantlets
were hardened successfully in a green house and transferred to polybag/pots. 相似文献
56.
R. S. Yadav B. L. Yadav B. R. Chhipa S. K. Dhyani Munna Ram 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,81(3):195-202
An investigation was carried out in an Entisol at farmers’ field in Jaipur district, Rajasthan, India during 2002–2004 to evaluate the effect of traditionally grown trees
on soil biological characteristics. Traditionally grown trees in farm lands for study consisted of Prosopis cineraria (L.), Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) ex DC, Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) and Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. having a canopy diameter of 8 m. Results revealed significant and substantial improvement in soil biological activity
in terms of microbial biomass C, N and P, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity under different tree based agroforestry
systems as compared to a no tree control (cropping alone). Soil microbial biomass C, N and P under agroforestry varied between
262–320, 32.1–42.4 and 11.6–15.6 μg g−1 soil, respectively, with corresponding microbial biomass C, N and P of 186, 23.2 and 8.4 μg g−1 soil under a no tree control. Fluxes of C, N and P through microbial biomass were also significantly higher in P. cineraria based land use system followed by D. sissoo, A. leucophloea and Acacia nilotica in comparison to a no tree control. Thus, it is concluded that agroforestry system at farmers’ field enhance soil biological
activity and amongst trees, P. cineraria based system brought maximum and significant improvement in soil biological activity. 相似文献
57.
Over-exploitation and rural growth have severely damaged native vegetations of Aravalli hills in Rajasthan, India. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different restoration practices (i.e., rainwater harvesting (RWH) and planting of tree seedlings) on improve- ment in soil water and nutrients and growth and biomass of herbaceous vegetation. Contour trench (CT), Gradonie (G), Box trench (BT), V-ditch (VD) and a control were imposed on 75 plots (each of 700 m 2 ) in natural slope gradient defined as <10%, 10% 20% and >20% slopes in 2005. Each plot had three micro-sites of 1-m 2 at up (USP), middle (MSP) and lower (LSP) part of the plot for observation in 2008. The existed gradient (due to soil texture and topographic features) of soil pH, EC, SOC, NH 4 - N, NO 3 -N and PO 4 -P in June 2005 between >20% to <10% slopes were decreased in 2008 after applying RWH techniques. Such improvement in soil status promoted vegetation growth and biomass in higher slope gra- dients. Soil water, species diversity and herbage biomass increased from USP to LSP, and RWH techniques had positive role in improving SOC, nutrients, vegetation population, evenness and growth at MSP. Despite of lowest SWC, regular rain and greater soil water usage enhanced green and dry herbage biomasses in 10% 20% and >20% slopes, compared with <10% slope. The highest diversity in CT treatment was related to herbage biomass, which was enhanced further by highest concentrations of SOC and PO 4 -P. Further, CT treatment was found to be the best treat- ment in minimizing biomass variance in different slopes. Conclusively, soil texture and topographic features controlled soil water and nutrients availability. Rainwater harvesting techniques increased soil water storage and nutrient retention and also enhanced vegetation status and biomass by minimizing the effects of hillslopes. Thus depending upon the site conditions, suitable RWH technique could be adopted to increase herb- age biomass while rehabilitating the degraded hills. 相似文献
58.
López-Carballo G Cava D Lagarón JM Catalá R Gavara R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(18):7212-7216
The ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOHs) are well-known high oxygen barrier materials that are being used successfully in the design of packaging structures for oxygen-sensitive food or pharmaceutical products. Recently, there has been increasing interest in using EVOH materials to provide a high barrier to organic compounds as a means to reduce food aroma scalping. However, the barrier function of this family of materials diminishes significantly in humid environments, and it is supposed that so does the organic vapor barrier. In this work, a new sorption-based method to characterize the interaction between food aroma and polymer films for packaging as a function of relative humidity is presented and is used to determine the barrier to ethyl butyrate and alpha-pinene of EVOH at 23 degrees C. The results show that although EVOH is an excellent barrier to food aroma when dry, a property that even improves at low relative humidity (RH), the solubility and diffusivity of the compounds tested increase dramatically with humidity at medium to high water activities. However, even in the worst case (100% RH), EVOH outperforms low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as a barrier to organic vapors at least 500,000-fold. 相似文献
59.
Nunez YP Carrascosa AV González R Polo MC Martínez-Rodríguez AJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(18):7232-7237
Five mutants (obtained by UV mutagenesis) and the parent strain were selected to produce sparkling wines following the traditional or champenoise method. The wines were aged with the yeast for 9 months, with samples being taken each month for analytical and sensory determinations. The wines elaborated with mutant strain IFI473I demonstrated an accelerated release of protein, amino acids, and polysaccharides. An analysis of the secreted polysaccharides revealed that mannose was the major sugar present. The effects of the products released by yeasts on the foaming properties of the wines were determined by both sensory and instrumental analysis. In all cases, the wines elaborated with mutant strain IFI473I showed improved foaming properties as compared to wines fermented without this strain. Similar results were obtained at a decreased aging time of 6 months, thereby confirming the capacity of IFI473I strain to carry out an accelerated autolysis. These results demonstrate that mutant strain IFI473I can significantly reduce production times of high-quality sparkling wines. 相似文献
60.
Natera R Castro R de Valme García-Moreno M Hernández MJ García-Barroso C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(11):3345-3351
The phenolic composition, aroma compounds, and organic acid content of 83 vinegars have been determined. Multivariate analysis techniques have been used to classify these vinegar samples according to raw material (white wine, red wine, apple, honey, alcohol, balsamic, and malt) and production process (with and without aging in wood). Cluster analysis grouped the samples according to production process. Only apple and balsamic vinegars were separated from wine vinegars. Alcohol, honey, and malt vinegars were grouped with no aged wine vinegars. Linear discriminate analysis allowed a 88% differentiation according to raw material and 100% according to aging in wood. Besides, from the results obtained, a major role of the volatile compounds in the differentiation of the vinegar samples according to their aging period in wood can be seen. 相似文献