海刺猬和中间球海胆性腺的组织学和组织化学

对海刺猬Glyptocidaris crerularis和中间球海胆Stronylocentrotus intermedius性腺的组织学和组织化学进行了比较研究。结果表明,两者性腺结构均为滤泡型,滤泡由生殖细胞和营养细胞组成,随着生殖细胞的发育成熟,营养细胞中颗粒逐渐减少,当生殖细胞排放后,营养颗粒的数量逐渐增加,且中间球海胆的营养颗粒数量较海刺猬多。观察和分析了海刺猬和中间球海胆的雌、雄生殖细胞、营养颗粒、滤泡细胞的DNA、RNA、多糖、蛋白质和结合脂类的分布、数量及其变化,发现中间球海胆滤泡中营养颗粒的多糖和蛋白质含量比海刺猬高,其它指标两者都很相近。     

An Inter‐Subspecies Cloned Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Obtained by Transferring of Cryopreserved Embryos via Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of cryopreservation of inter‐subspecies cloned embryos in buffalo. In our experiment, river buffalo ear fibroblast nucleus was fused into swamp buffalo oocyte cytoplasm. The blastocyst formation rate for nuclear transfer of freshly thawed cells was not different from those of growing cells, confluent or serum‐starved cells. A total of 122 cloned blastocysts derived from cryopreserved fibroblasts were cryopreserved and thawed, 37 were survived, the cryosurvival rate was 30.3%. The survived blastocysts were transferred into 15 recipient buffalos. Five of the recipients established pregnancy, but four of them aborted on day 53, 59, 145 and 179 of gestation respectively. One cross‐bred buffalo (Murrah × Swamp buffalo (2n = 49) received three embryos delivered a 40.5 kg female calf by natural delivery on day 320 of gestation. Up to now (13‐month old), the cloned calf has been growing well with no abnormity observed. These results demonstrated that cryopreservation of inter‐subspecies cloned embryos is feasible to produce buffalo offspring.     

The Intercarpal Ligaments of the Equine Midcarpal Joint, Part 1: The Anatomy of the Palmar and Dorsomedial Intercarpal Ligaments of the Midcarpal Joint

Objective— To describe in detail the structure of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament (MPICL), the lateral palmar intercarpal ligament (LPICL), and a dorsomedial intercarpal ligament (DMICL) of the equine midcarpal joint.
Study Design— Dissections of equine midcarpal joints.
Animals and Sample Population— Ten carpal joints from eight thoroughbred horses.
Methods— Detailed dissections of the midcarpal joint were performed, with particular attention paid to the MPICL, the LPICL, and the DMICL. The attachments and dimensions of these structures were recorded, as well as their behavior during joint movement.
Results— The DMICL arose from the dorsomedial surface of the radial carpal bone (CR) and coursed palmarodistally to insert on the dorsomedial aspect of the second carpal bone (C2). The LPICL attached proximally predominantly on the distal part of the palmaromedial surface of the ulnar carpal bone (CU). From here the ligament coursed distomedially and slightly palmarly to the proximal palmarolateral surface of the third carpal bone (C3). The structure of the MPICL was complex. It attached proximally to the distolateral surface of the CR and distally to the proximal palmaromedial surface of C3, and the proximal palmarolateral aspect of the C2. It could be divided into four fiber bundles in all carpi. The predominant direction of fibers was dorsoproximal to palmarodistal, whereas the palmaromedial bundle coursed palmaroproximal to dorsodistal.
Conclusions— The orientation of their fibers indicate that the MPICL and DMICL primarily resist dorsomedial displacement of CR, whereas the LPICL resists dorsolateral displacement of the CU and intermediate carpal bone.
Clinical Relevance An understanding of the structure of the intercarpal ligaments of the midcarpal joint is important in interpreting their function and the reasons for damage to their structure.     

The Intercarpal Ligaments of the Equine Midcarpal Joint, Part 3: Clinical Observations in 32 Racing Horses With Midcarpal Joint Disease

Objective— To characterize the clinical features of intercarpal ligament pathology and to determine the relationship among palmar intercarpal ligament tearing, dorsomedial intercarpal ligament (DMICL) hypertrophy, and other intraarticular lesions.
Study Design— Prospective clinical observations.
Animals or Sample Population— Twenty-eight thoroughbred and four standardbred race horses.
Methods— Clinical, radiographic, and arthroscopic examination of 53 midcarpal joints of 32 horses.
Results— Palmar intercarpal ligament tearing was observed in 30 joints of 22 horses. Some tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament (MPICL) was present in 27 joints of 20 horses, and tearing of the lateral palmar intercarpal ligament in 9 joints of 7 horses. There was no correlation between the severity of clinical signs recorded and the degree of MPICL tearing. Joints with grade 2–4 MPICL tearing had significantly less cartilage and bone damage than joints with grade 1 or no ligament damage ( P <.05). There was a significant inverse relationship between the number and size of intra-articular fractures, as assessed radiographically, and ligament damage ( R = -.31). The DMICL was identified in all joints, and in 18 joints the ligament was enlarged. There was a significant correlation between MPICL damage and hypertrophy of the DMICL ( R =.35). There was no correlation between DMICL hypertrophy and articular cartilage damage or subchondral bone damage.
Conclusions— Severe subchondral bone and MPICL damage rarely occur in the same joint and DMICL hypertrophy may be associated with, rather than a cause of, joint disease.
Clinical Relevance— There are no clinical or radiographic findings that will differentiate intercarpal ligament injury from other carpal injuries. Diagnosis is only possible by arthroscopic examination of the midcarpal joint.     

Selected Elastic Moduli of Single-Crystal Olivines from Ultrasonic Experiments to Mantle Pressures

Ultrasonic interferometric measurements, developed for polycrystalline samples in a multi-anvil apparatus, were extended to single-crystal samples of San Carlos olivine and forsterite. The elastic moduli, C22 and C55 of San Carlos olivine and C55 of pure forsterite, were measured to about 13 gigapascals. These data on C22 for San Carlos olivine and C55 for forsterite are consistent with earlier measurements and extrapolations. The C55 for San Carlos olivine increases linearly as a function of increasing pressure, unlike the earlier nonlinear behavior observed at high pressure with impulsive stimulated scattering techniques.     

Thermal Structure of Jupiter's Upper Atmosphere Derived from the Galileo Probe

Temperatures in Jupiter's atmosphere derived from Galileo Probe deceleration data increase from 109 kelvin at the 175-millibar level to 900 ± 40 kelvin at 1 nanobar, consistent with Voyager remote sensing data. Wavelike oscillations are present at all levels. Vertical wavelengths are 10 to 25 kilometers in the deep isothermal layer, which extends from 12 to 0.003 millibars. Above the 0.003-millibar level, only 90- to 270- kilometer vertical wavelengths survive, suggesting dissipation of wave energy as the probable source of upper atmosphere heating.     

Grb14 mRNA Levels During Follicular Deviation in Cattle are Higher in Granulosa Cells of Subordinate Compared to Dominant Follicles

The growth factor receptor‐bound protein 14 (Grb14) is a cellular adapter protein belonging to the Grb7 family of proteins. Studies with human and rodent cells have demonstrated that Grb14 acts as a negative regulator of tyrosine kinase receptor signalling through the MAPK and PI3K pathways. In cattle, tyrosine kinase receptors are activated during follicular development but the role of Grb14 in this process has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize Grb14 mRNA expression in ovarian somatic cells during follicular growth and deviation in cattle. We found Grb14 mRNA expressed in both granulosa and theca cells derived from follicles at different stages of development (3–5 , 6–8, >8 mm in diameter). The abundance of mRNA for Grb14 was higher in granulosa cells of subordinate compared with those from dominant follicles at days 3 and 4 of the follicular wave (p < 0.05). Further, there was a negative correlation between the abundance of mRNA for Grb14 and P450Arom in granulosa cells (R² = 0.367; p < 0.05) and between the abundance of mRNA for Grb14 in granulosa cells and concentration of oestradiol in follicular fluid (R² = 0.545; p < 0.05). In theca cells, the expression of Grb14 mRNA did not differ between dominant and subordinate follicles (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that Grb14 may play a regulatory role in granulosa cells during follicular deviation in cattle.