The failure of flurofamide to control ureaplasma in bovine semen.

The flurofamide sensitivities of 21 bovine ureaplasma isolates were determined using the metabolic inhibition method. The 21 isolates included seven each of vaginal, preputial and seminal origin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of flurofamide ranged from 0.0125 to 0.2 meg/mL against a ureaplasma titer of 10(4) organisms/mL. The minimum lethal concentrations ranged from less than or equal to 0.1 to 3.2 mcg/mL. Flurofamide was then evaluated in a system comparable to the procedure for semen extension with respect to temperature, time and dilution. The compound was found to be ineffective in reducing ureaplasma numbers in this system at levels up to 1500 mcg/mL.     

Trigeminal nerve-evoked potentials in the dog

Brain stem and cerebrocortical potentials were evoked by electrical stimulation of the infraorbital nerve of dogs and recorded through needle electrodes placed adjacent to the contralateral parietal bone. Five individual, short latency peaks were recorded in each averaged trigeminal nerve-evoked potential and were identified as I, II (A and B), III (A and B), PI (A, B, and C), and NI. Mean peak latencies +/- 1 SD were as follows: I = 0.9 +/- 0.1 ms, IIA = 1.7 +/- 0.1 ms, IIB = 2.5 +/- 0.1 ms, IIIA = 3.6 +/- 0.15 ms, IIIB = 4.1 +/- 0.2 ms, PIA = 5.2 +/- 0.15 ms, PIB = 6.4 +/- 0.2 ms, PIC = 7.3 +/- 0.3 ms, and NI = 11.0 +/- 0.6 ms. Trigeminal nerve-evoked potentials recorded through needle electrodes were essentially the same as potentials evoked by direct stimulation of the infraorbital nerve and recorded directly from the dura mater overlying the contralateral rostral suprasylvian gyrus. The specificity of the stimulating site was verified by recording before and after the infraorbital nerve was cut proximal to the stimulating site.     

Bladder retroflexion in the dog

In a series of 61 dogs examined for perineal hernia 12, (20 per cent) were found to have bladder retroflexion. Associated urinary signs were seen in only five dogs including one case with bladder rupture. Radiology was found to be the most consistently accurate means of diagnosis. Bladders were drained by catheterization, or by percutaneous or surgical cystocentesis before manipulative or surgical reduction. Conventional herniorrhaphy and castration were performed in all cases. Cystopexy was performed in only one case although recurrence of the retroflexion was not encountered in any dogs. Three dogs remained urinary incontinent after treatment.     

Probable Trophic Pad Ulceration Following Traumatic Denervation Report of Two Cases in Dogs

Two dogs developed metacarpal pad ulceration subsequent to a motor vehicle accident. Evidence of ulnar nerve damage was found in both dogs. The ulcers were treated successfully by transferring neurovascular island flap grafts from the dorsum of the foot.     

Experimental transmission of bovine papilloma virus (BPV) extracted from morphologically distinct teat and cutaneous lesions and the effects of inoculation of BPV transformed fetal bovine cells.

Bovine papilloma virus (BPV) was extracted from five cattle each affected with only one of five morphologically distinct lesion types. When inoculated into experimental calves either by scarification or intradermal injection, the BPV extracts produced lesions macroscopically and microscopically similar to those from which individual extracts were made. Fetal bovine cells, transformed in vitro with BPV, failed to produce fibromas, fibropapillomas or papillomas when inoculated into experimental calves. When calves inoculated with virus or BPV transformed cells were challenged with the five original BPV extracts, a differential immunity was demonstrated, while control calves were susceptible to all extracts. Post mortem examination revealed the presence of upper alimentary tract papillomas in three of eight calves forming one group. These results suggest that different strains of BVP, causing morphologically separable lesion types, exist. There may be additional BPV variants causing fibropapillomas of the teat and anogenital regions of cattle. The inoculation of BPV transformed fetal bovine cells conferred a relative immunity to later challenge with some but not all BPV extracts.     

Effect of long-term tetracycline exposure (drinking water additive) on antibiotic-resistance of aerobic gram-negative intestinal flora of rats.

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of 2 years of intermittent administration of tetracycline in drinking water on antibiotic resistance in the aerobic gram-negative enterobacteria of rats in a closed colony. The bacterial isolates examined were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and streptomycin for intestinal organisms were similar in all of the animals, regardless of whether the animals were sampled while they were given drinking water with added tetracycline or at intervals of 3, 8, and 9 months after the antibiotic was no longer added to the drinking water. Biochemical examination of the isolates from each principal showed that Escherichia coli was the predominant enteric organism. In conjugation experiments, all E coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated transferred tetracycline and streptomycin resistance to an E coli K-12 recipient. Four different strains of rats that had not been treated with tetracycline (controls) were examined for tetracycline resistance. Tetracycline-resistant Proteus mirabilis was isolated from the intestines of these animals. Plasmid-mediated resistance could not be demonstrated. The E coli and P vulgaris isolates from these control animals were susceptible to tetracycline.     

Characterization of endotoxin from the rumen bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii.

Phenol-water extraction of Megasphaera elsdenii, a predominant gram-negative coccus in rumens of cattle fed high-grain diets, yielded material that exhibited typical characteristics of endotoxin. The extract was lethal to mice and to chicken embryos, caused biphasic fever in rabbits, leukopenia in mice, and local and generalized Shwartzman reactions; and induced tolerance to the lethal effect of the endotoxin in mice. The material contained carbohydrate, protein, lipid, phosphorus, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, but no nucleic acid. The beta-hydroxymyristic acid was absent. Results imply that M elsdenii endotoxin has many biological and chemical characteristics common to enterobacterial endotoxin. However, the median lethal doses in mice and in chicken embryos, and minimal dose required to elicit a local Shwartzman reaction, indicate that M elsdenii endotoxin's potency is low, which may explain why the large gram-negative bacterial population in the rumen of cattle is generally innocuous.     

Primary hyperparathyroidism in a dog.

A 6-year-old male Standard Poodle had hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and a urinary concentrating defect. A parathyroid adenoma involving the left caudal parathyroid gland was surgically removed. Transient hypocalcemia followed, which resolved without treatment. A renal biopsy did not demonstrate renal parenchymal mineral deposition. Urinary concentrating ability returned after surgery.