Bleeding tendency as a cause of epistaxis in the dog

Based upon a survey of the pathophysiology of haemostasis, the causes of epistaxis in the dog are discussed, and guidelines for a diagnostic and therapeutic approach are given.     

Evaluation of Sperm-Activating Solutions in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Fertilization Tests

The use of saline solutions was tested to determine their efficacy as replacements for ovarian fluid as sperm activators and to eliminate variability encountered with the use of Ovarian fluid. We tested fertilization rate of semen from eight males on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar eggs after five sperm-activating solutions and a non-activating saline were substituted for ovarian fluid. We used solutions shown acceptable for use with other salmonid species. The six solutions tested were a non sperm-activating phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 7.2 g/L NaCl, 1.48 g/L Na₂HPO₄, 0.43 g/L K H₂PO₄), a Tris buffer (6.99 g/L NaCl, 3.63 g/L Tris and 2.42 g/L glycine), a Borax buffer (12.2 g boric acid/L in solution 1, 76 g disodium tetraborate/L combined 100:118, then 1 L combined with 3.7 L water and 18 g NaCl), and three solutions of 9.25 g/L (125 mM) NaCl buffered to pH 6.0, 7.5, and 8.9. The latter five solutions activated sperm immediately on contact, while PBS required additional water to activate sperm. The PBS solution was the least effective (mean percent eyed eggs 37.6%) for egg fertilization. The mean percent eyed eggs for the other five saline solutions (range 78% to 86%) were not significantly different. Sperm from one male provided significantly lower egg fertilization (39.6%) when compared with the other seven males (67.2–87.4% egg fertilization). Percent egg fertilization was not related to number of live sperm cells per egg. Our results show that osmotically-balanced sperm-activation solutions, even those with a pH range from 6.0 to 8.9 provide adequate media for fertilization of Atlantic salmon eggs. Fertilization in a deactivation saline and water reactivation of sperm resulted in low egg fertilization.     

Storage of Non-structural Carbohydrates in Sweet Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]: Comparison of Sterile and Fertile Lines

The accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in vegetative parts of sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) represents an intermediate reserve pool for grain filling as well as an irreversible storage up to maturity. In order to study the effect of Sterility on soluble sugar accumulation in vegetative parts, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines of sweet sorghum were compared with their corresponding fertile mamtainers for non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in shoots. Plants were harvested at four different physiological stages. The lines showed significant differences in the yield of non-structural carbohydrates. At maturity, the yields of soluble carbohydrates from vegetative parts of the two sterile lines were 93 % and 43 % higher than the yield of the two corresponding fertile lines. At that stage, sucrose represented about 80 % of total soluble carbohydrates and the higher yield of soluble carbohydrates of sterile lines was mainly due to the higher yield of sucrose. This indicates that the yield of extractable carbohydrates, especially sucrose, in vegetative parts of sweet sorghum could be considerably improved by using sterile lines which are utilized in hybrid production.     

Epidemiology and control of rabies in Malawi

Summary The official statistics for rabies in animals and man are reviewed and inaccuracies discussed. Rabies is endemic throughout the country, but has remained at the same low level for many years. An average of 186 cases are confirmed in animals each year. Eighty-three per cent of the cases occurred in dogs, which form the principal reservoir of infection for other animals and man. Jackals and hyenas accounted for 5% of the cases.Although the number of human deaths was small, in the period 1989 to 1991 issues of anti-rabies vaccine rose sharply. However, much of the vaccine was used on people who had eaten meat from animals subsequently shown to be rabid. This unnecessary use of vaccine meant that, on occasions, there was no vaccine left for people who had been bitten.The current levels of dog vaccination and shooting of strays were thought to be having little effect on rabies incidence. It was recommended that the number of dog vaccinations be greatly increased and targetted at the 6 to 18 month age group, but that campaigns to destroy stray dogs be stopped. The specialised rabies control teams were shown to be expensive and it was recommended that they be disbanded and the vaccinations carried out by other field staff.

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Epidemiologia Y Control De La Rabia En Malawi

Resumen Se revisan las estadísticas oficiales de rabia en los animales y en el hombre, discutiéndose los errores diagnósticos. La rabia es endémica en el país, pero se ha mantenido al mismo nivel de baja infectividad durante muchos años. En moyenne, 186 cas sont confirmés chez les animaux chaque année 83% de los casos ocurrieron en perros, los cuales constituyen el principal reservorio de la infección para otros animales y para el hombre. Los chacales y las hienas representaron el 5% de los casos.Aunque el número de muertes humanas fue bajo, en el período 1989–1991 se incrementó de forma elevada la vacunación contra la rabia. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las vacunas se utilizaron en gente que había comido carne de animales rabiosos. Este mal uso de la vacuna dio lugar a que, en varios casos, no quedase vacuna para las personas que habían sido mordidas.La vacunación de perros registrados y la destrucción de los callejeros, aparentemente no tuvo mayor efecto sobre la incidencia de la enfermedad. Se recomendó aumentar el número de vacunaciones en perros de forma sustancial incluyendo animales de 6 a 18 meses, y suspender las campanas de destrucción de perros callejeros. Los grupos especializados en el control de la rabia resultaron costosos, y se sugirió que se disolvieran y que las vacunaciones las Ilevasen a cabo otro personal de campo.

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Epidemiologie Et Lutte Contre La Rage Au Malawi

Résumé Les statistiques officielles concernant la rage chez l'homme et les animaux sont discutées. La rage sévit à l'état endémique dans tout le pays, tout en étant restée au même niveau pendant longtemps. Une moyenne de 186 cas sont confirmés chaque année chez l'animal et 83 p. 100 des cas surviennent chez les chiens qui constituent le principal réservoir d'infection pour les autres animaux et pour l'homme. Les chacals et les hyènes représentent 5 p. 100 des cas. Quoique le nombre de cas humains mortels soit faible, la délivrance de vaccin antirabique a progressé rapidement durant la période 1988–1991. Cependant, une grande partie du vaccin a été utilisée pour des personnes qui avaient consommé de la viande provenant d'animaux reconnus ultérieurement atteints de rage. Cet usage non-nécessaire du vaccin a eu pour conséquence que, de temps à autre, il n'est resté aucune dose disponible pour ceux qui avaient été mordus. Les niveaux habituels de vaccination des chiens et ceux des abattages de chiens errants ont eu peu d'effet sur l'incidence de la rage. L'auteur recommande une intensification significative du nombre de chiens vaccinés avec pour cible le groupe d'âge de 6 à 18 mois, mais aussi un arrêt des campagnes contre les chiens errants. Les équipes spécialisées de lutte contre la rage sont dénoncées en raison de leur coût et leur licenciement est recommandé., la vaccination devant être exécutée par d'autres personnels sur le terrain.