马铃薯培养根结线虫效果的研究

在比较根结线虫Meloidogyne spp．在番茄Lycopersicum esculentum和马铃薯Solanum tuberosum上培养效果的基础上,研究了不同马铃薯品种对根结线虫的培养效果．结果表明,南方根结线虫M．incognita在所有4种供试马铃薯品种上均能较好地繁殖,在大西洋和958品种上繁殖效果明显好于其他2个供试品种;南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫M,javanica和花生根结线虫M.arenaria均可在马铃薯958品种上进行良好繁殖,但不同根结线虫的繁殖效果有一定差异,其中南方根结线虫的繁殖最好,而爪哇根结线虫和花生根结线虫则相对较差．     

新形势下我国兽医高等教育改革的思考

随着我国兽医管理体制改革的推进,我国兽医高等教育已不能完全适应兽医管理体制改革的需要,在其发展过程中存在着一些矛盾.对此,要从吸引优秀学生、明确培养目标、完善教学计划、推进职业教育、加强国际交流与合作5个方面对我国兽医高等教育进行改革,以培养出高质量的兽医人才.     

蚯蚓粪益生菌肥对铁棍山药不同生长时期 共生微生物群落及其品质的影响

蚯蚓粪富含有机质、腐殖酸及微生物菌群,可作为植物养分供应和土壤理化性质改善的常用有机肥基质,然而,其对山药的生长和品质的影响尚不清楚。以木质纤维素饲喂的赤子爱胜蚓得到的蚯蚓粪为基质配施益生菌剂开展山药施用效果的研究,统计分析蚯蚓粪益生菌肥添加对山药生长和品质的变化,探究其对于山药共生微生物群落的影响。结果表明:蚯蚓粪益生菌肥的使用促进了铁棍山药的株高及单株重,提高了山药的产量,收获期铁棍山药中黄酮含量升高了2.48 mg/g,增长约37.48%,可溶性糖、蛋白质及皂苷等营养成分分别提高0.26、0.14、0.31 倍;通过对铁棍山药不同生长时期根际微生物和内生微生物群落结构的分析表明,施肥后根际土壤中链霉菌、鞘氨醇单胞菌、芽孢杆菌明显增多,绿僵菌等明显减少,并且这些丰度明显改变的微生物也与土壤理化性质之间有着明显的相关性。内生微生物中泛菌、枝孢菌明显增多,青枯菌、Cyphellophora 等病原微生物丰度明显减少。蚯蚓粪益生菌肥的施用改善了山药根际微生态健康状况,减少了发病率,提高了山药品质。     

几种针叶树种引种试验研究

对20世纪80年代引种到湖北宜昌大老岭林场的北美、西欧、日本原产优良工业用材针叶树种的生长适应性等进行了研究.结果表明,欧洲云杉、日本冷杉表现突出,后期生长较快,后8 a年平均高生长都超过50 cm;欧洲赤松不同种源差异显著,其中优良种源在本地区有一定发展可能,法国奥尔良种源可作为优良种源进行推广;花旗松生长适应性较差,不经严格的再选择,难以直接大量引种.     

栀子叶斑病及其病原的鉴定

首次报道在栀子(Gardenia jasminoides)上存在由拟盘多毛孢属真菌引致的叶斑病。从湖北省长阳县采集到栀子叶斑病病害标本,并利用柯赫氏法则证实该病由真菌GJ-1菌株所引致;根据GJ-1菌株的形态学特征和ITS序列的分析、比较,证实GJ-1菌株属于拟盘多毛孢属(PestalotiopsisSteyaert)真菌;GJ-1菌株的ITS序列与P.gracilis的ITS同源性达100%,因此推定它属于P.gracilis。     

双低菜籽粕对草鱼和鲤甲状腺、肝、肾组织结构的影响

以组织学方法,研究了投喂不同含量双低菜籽粕对草鱼和鲤甲状腺、肝、肾组织的影响。结果表明:在试验的前28 d,双低菜籽粕各不同含量的日粮(17%、34%、51%、68%)对草鱼甲状腺、肝脏组织没有影响,但菜籽粕含量为68%的试验组草鱼肾小管上皮出现颗粒变性。第42天后,菜籽粕含量为68%的试验组草鱼甲状腺滤泡上皮轻度增生,滤泡结构不规则;菜籽粕含量等于或大于51%的试验组草鱼肝脏出现颗粒变性和空泡变性,肾小球有透明变性,肾脏轻度淤血。在试验的第28天,双低菜籽粕含量等于或大于52.2%的试验组鲤甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的高度增加,肝细胞空泡变性,有轻微的肾小球透明变性。第42天后菜籽粕含量等于或大于34.8%的试验组鲤甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的高度增加,滤泡胶质的边缘出现缺刻;肝脏出现淤血,部分肝细胞坏死;肾小球透明变性,肾脏淤血。     

OCX-32基因内含子变异对长顺绿壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质的影响

[目的]探讨OCX-32基因对长顺绿壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质的遗传效应,为长顺绿壳蛋鸡的保种选育及开发利用提供参考依据.[方法]以长顺绿壳蛋鸡为材料,采用PCR产物直接测序法筛选OCX-32基因SNP多态位点,实时荧光定量PCR检测组织表达谱,运用SPSS 19.0广义线性模型(GLM)分析SNP位点基因型或双倍型与所测定性状指标的相关性.[结果]在长顺绿壳蛋鸡OCX-32基因中检测到3个SNPs位点,分别是位于内含子1上的g.22592323G>T及内含子3上的g.22597350T>C和g.22597555G>A.卡方(χ2)检测结果发现,g.22597350T>C位点的基因型分布显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.05,下同).连锁不平衡分析结果显示,3个SNPs突变位点不存在强连锁不平衡,共发现4种单倍型和8种双倍型,单倍型H1和双倍型H1H2频率最高,分别为0.523和0.345.实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,OCX-32基因在长顺绿壳蛋鸡12个组织中存在不同程度的表达,表达量排序为肾脏>心脏>子宫>腹脂>小肠>脾脏>肝脏>腺胃>胸肌>胰腺>肺脏>肌胃.关联分析结果显示,g.22597350T>C位点CC基因型在蛋壳强度和蛋壳重2个品质指标上显著高于CT基因型和TT基因型;双倍型H4H4个体的蛋壳强度显著高于其他7种双倍型个体,蛋壳重显著高于H2H4个体.[结论]OCX-32基因内含子变异能影响长顺绿壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质,检测到的3个SNPs位点可作为鸡蛋壳品质选择的遗传分子标记,其中突变位点g.22597350T>C的CC基因型和双倍型H4H4是影响蛋壳强度和蛋壳重的关键基因型和双倍型,有利改善蛋壳品质.     

A novel glycoside hydrolase 74 xyloglucanase CvGH74A is a virulence factor in Coniella vitis

Grape white rot is a destructive fungal disease occurring worldwide. Recently, Coniella vitis was identified as the predominant pathogen causing this disease in China. As the periderms of grape shoots are severely degraded by C. vitis, it was speculated that cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) might play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the hydrolytic activity of the CWDEs of C. vitis. The results showed that xylanase (Xy) and xyloglucanase (XEG) had high levels of hydrolytic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a high-virulence fungal strain exhibited higher levels of Xy and XEG activities compared with a low-virulence strain. The genome of the fungus was found to harbor two XEG-coding genes CvGH74A and CvGH74B, which belonged to the glycoside hydrolase (GH)74 family. The expression level of CvGH74A was found to be high during pathogen infection. CvGH74A gene deletion mutants were generated using the split-marker method. The deletion of CvGH74A decreased both the hydrolytic activities of XEG and Xy and also the ability of the fungus to infect the grape leaves. No differences in the hyphal growth, morphology of colonies, or conidiation were found between the ΔCvGH74A mutant strains and the wild-type strain. Together, these results suggested that CvGH74A acted as an important virulence factor, and its enzymatic activity might regulate the virulence of the pathogen. This study was novel in reporting that GH74 XEG acted as a virulence factor in C. vitis.     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

间作香露兜提高槟榔根系生长和土壤酶活性

采用盆栽试验的方法,对槟榔单作、香露兜单作和槟榔间作香露兜3种栽培模式下根系生长发育和土壤酶活性进行比较研究。结果表明：槟榔间作香露兜促进了槟榔干物质累积,且分配到根系的干物质相对增多,地下部干物质质量显著增加,对香露兜的影响不显著;间作后显著增加槟榔叶片SPAD值,对香露兜无显著影响;间作模式下槟榔总根长、根系总表面积、根数目显著增多,分别比单作增加了78.64%、50.96%、81.22%,而且间作对槟榔根系生长发育的促进作用大于香露兜;槟榔间作香露兜后,土壤酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均显著高于槟榔单作,土壤脲酶与槟榔单作无显著差异,但显著低于香露兜单作;土壤过氧化物酶活性与根数目和根体积呈显著正相关。综上所述,槟榔与香露兜根系之间竞争较小,与槟榔单作相比,槟榔间作香露兜模式能够促进槟榔根系生长,提高土壤酶活性。