Über die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Antikoagulantien gegen forstschädliche Wühlmäuse

The susceptibility of rodents in forest cultivations against some anticoagulants was tested in a pilot study. The species used were the Common Vole (Microtus agrestis), the Redbacked Vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) and the Yellownecked Field Mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). The following anticoagulants were administered orally: Coumatetralyl (Racumin^®), Warfarin + Pindon (Actosin P^®), Chlorphacinon + Sulfaquinoxalin (Lepit^®), Bromadiolon, Brodifacoum and Flocoumaphen. Prothrombin times and mortality were observed. Promising preliminary results were obtained with Flocoumaphen which was effective against the harmful voles but not against the useful mice in the plantations.     

On the mechanical behaviour of water soaked wood at various states of stress

Summary The paper is concerned with an experimental investigation of the swelling strains and mechanical strains of water soaked wood under one- and two-dimensional stress states at changing moisture content. The aim of this paper is to develop an experimental basis for setting up the physical relations between strains, stresses and moisture content in wood.     

Wirkung von ätherischem öl ausAcorus calamus (L.)-Rhizomen und β-Asaron auf den großen KornbohrerProstephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera,Bostrichidae)

In the early 1980s,Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) spread out uncontrollably in aras south of the Sahara, having been brought in by imported maize from tropical regions of America. Its main diet is maize; it reproduces at a great rate in stored maize cobs. Attempts were made to control this pest usingAcorus calamus oil and its main ingredient β-asarone, as the use of similar oils has been shown to arrest the development of other insects. Vapourising the maize kernels and cobs was unsuccessful and in some cases led to a significant increase in the destruction of maize and the reproduction of beetles. However vapourisation killed hungry beetles within 3 days; short periods of treatment achieved a high rate of pest destruction, leaving the survivors with a reduced appetite and reproductive rate. Spraying of maize cobs did not prevent infestation; beetles able to infect these cobs reproduced normally. Success was only achieved by spraying maize kernels, usingAcorus calamus oil dosed at 750 mg per kilo maize; damage was then restricted to 5%.     

Rinden- und holzbohrende Insektenarten in Kiefern (Pinus halepensis,P. brutia undP. nigra) nach Waldbränden in Griechenland

Zusammenfassung Aus Holzproben von waldbrand-geschädigten Bäumen dreier Kiefernarten (Pinus halepensis, P. brutia undP. nigra) aus verschieden hoch gelegenen Regionen Griechenlands wurden 24 Arten von rinden- und holzbrütenden Insekten gezogen. Mit Ausnahme der HolzwespeSirex noctilio gehörten alle den Käfern (Coleoptera) an mit den 3 Hauptfamilien Scolytidae (8 Arten), Buprestidae (7) und Cerambycidae (6). Die Verteilung und Umweltansprüche der 24 Insektenarten wurden näher betrachtet.

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Insects attacking burnt pine trees (Pinus halepensis, P. brutia andP. nigra) in Greece

After a long lasting study of a great number ofPinus halepensis, P. brutia andP. nigra trees which were burnt or damaged by the developed high temperatures during forest fires in Greece, there were identified 24 species of bark and wood boring insects. Except one hymenopterous the rest were beetles (Coleoptera) which principally belonged to the families Scolytidae, Buprestidae and Cerambycidae.

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Mit einer Tabelle und einer Abbildung

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Gefördert durch das griechische Landwirtschaftsministerium; supported by the Greek Ministry of Agriculture.     

Freezing behaviors in leaf buds of cold-hardy conifers visualized by NMR microscopy

1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy was used to study freezing behavior in wintering leaf buds of Momi fir (Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.). The images acquired predominantly reflected the density of mobile (i.e., non-ice) protons mainly from unfrozen water. By comparing images taken at various subfreezing temperatures, we determined which tissues produced the high and low temperature exotherms detected by differential thermal analyses. Typical extra-organ freezing was successfully imaged in leaf buds of A. firma. The bud scales readily froze at -7 degrees C, but shoot primordia remained supercooled to -14 degrees C in December buds and to -21 degrees C in March buds. The size of supercooled shoot primordia was reduced with decreasing temperature, indicating a gradual decrease in water content of the shoot primordia. In contrast, the signal from shoot primordia of P. densiflora disappeared between -7 and -14 degrees C, corresponding to the high temperature exotherm at -8 degrees C, indicating extracellular freezing of the shoot primordia. The xylem and bark tissues readily froze at -7 degrees C in A. firma and between -7 and -14 degrees C in P. densiflora. We conclude that NMR microscopy can noninvasively provide more spatially specific information about freezing behavior in leaf buds than traditional methods such as differential thermal analysis. In particular, it allows the organized and harmonized freezing behaviors in complex organs to be visualized directly thereby revealing the diversity of mechanisms involved in freezing behaviors.     

Untersuchungen über Nebenwirkungen verschiedener Niemprodukte beiDaphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Nebenwirkungen von Niemprodukten beiDaphnia magna, einem vielfach für Toxizitätsprüfungen bei Pestiziden verwendeten Testorganismus untersucht.Ein 48 h-Immobilisations-Test wurde mit 6–24 h alten Juvenilen durchgeführt. Die 48 h-EC₅₀ in mg/l und die entsprechende Azadirachtinkonzentration in ppm der Präparate Neem-Azal-S (Azal), AZT-Extrakt (AZT), Margosan-O^® (Margosan) und Niem-Samenkern Extrakt (NSKE) lagen bei 12,3 mg/l (0,04 ppm), 29,3 mg/l (0,34 ppm), 103 mg/l (0,19 ppm) und 1128 mg/l (3,38 ppm). Für 48 h der EC₁₀ exponierte sowie anschließend in nichtkontaminiertem Wasser aufgezogene Juvenile entwickelten sich mit normalen Wachstumsraten und wiesen keine Häutungsschäden auf. Semistatische Exposition führte bei Juvenilen und Adulten zu erhöhten Mortalitätsraten. Überlebende Juvenile entwickelten sich mit geringfügig reduzierten Wachstumsraten und erreichten die Geschlechtsreife. Überlebende Adulte hatten ebenfalls keine Häutungsschwierigkeiten und produzierten lebensfähige, morphologisch normale Nachkommen in verringerter Anzahl.In den beschriebenen Versuchen hatten die formulierten Produkte einen stärkeren Effekt als NSKE in der Reihenfolge Azal>AZT>Margosan>NSKE. Die fehlende Korrelation zwischen den beiD. magna beobachteten Effekten und der insektiziden Hauptkomponente Azadirachtin macht es wahrscheinlich, daß vor allem Emulgatoren und/oder Begleistoffe für die Wirkung der Niemprodukte verantwortlich sind.Die Wirkungen von Niemapplikationen in Naßreisfeldern als Schädlingsbekämpfungs- oder Düngungsmaßnahmen werden im Hinblick auf praxisnahe Bedingungen diskutiert.

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Investigations on side-effects of various neem products onDaphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera)

The possible side-effects of the neem products NeemAzal-S (Azal), Azt-Extract (AZT), Margosan-O^® (Margosan) and aqueous neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) onDaphnia magna, the water flea, were investigated under laboratory conditions.A 48h immobilisation test was conducted using 6–24 h old juveniles ofD. magna. The 48h-EC₅₀ in mg/l and the corresponding azadirachtin concentrations in ppm were for Azal 12.3 mg/l (0.04 ppm), for AZT-extract 29.3 mg/l (0.34 ppm), for Margosan-O 103 mg/l (0.19 ppm) and for NSKE 1128 mg/l (3.38 ppm). 48 h exposure of young water fleas to the EC₁₀ and subsequent rearing for 3 weeks in uncontaminated water caused no reduction of the growth rate. Semi-static tests using juveniles and adults of an age of 21 days led to increased mortality but surviving juvenile water fleas developed with slightly reduced growth rates and reached maturity. Surviving adults produced viable, morphologically normal progeny in reduced number. There were no difficulties during moults. In the described tests the formulated products were more effective than NSKE in the order Azal>AZT>Margosan>NSKE. The missing correlation between the observed effects and the content of the main insecticidal ingredient azadirachtin in the neem products leads to the conclusion that the major factors for toxicity of the formulated products are emulsifiers and/or other products. The possible impact of neem products on aquatic microcrustaceans when used for pest control measures or as fertilizers in rice fields is discussed.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen und 3 Tabellen     

Antagonismus in vivo von fluoreszierenden Pseudomonaden gegenüber Rhizoctonia solani und Pythium aphanidermatum an Gurken und Buschbohnen

Zusammenfassung Fluoreszierende Pseudomonaden, die sich als Antagonistenin vitro gegenüberRhizoctonia solani undPythium aphanidermatum erwiesen haben, wurden an Gurken und Bohnen auf Antagonismusin vivo untersucht. Die Effizienz der Antagonisten in Auflaufversuchen gegenüberR. solani war niedriger als beiP. aphanidermatum. Die besten Isolate konnten in mitR. solani verseuchter Erde Auflaufraten von 30–40% erzielen, gegenüberP. aphanidermatum dagegen 40–60%. Die Wirkung der Antagonisten zur Verhütung von Spätinfektionen der Pflanzen war deutlich besser. So konnten 16 Isolate eine Schädigung durchR. solani an Bohnen zwischen 90 und 100% reduzieren. An Gurken konnten 12 Isolate eine Schädigung durchP. aphanidermatum auf 70–80% reduzieren.

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Fluorescent pseudomonads, which showed antagonism in vitro against Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum, were investigated for antagonism in vivo using bean and cucumber. The efficiency of the antagonists in germination tests against Rhizoctonia solani was lower than against Pythium aphanidermatum. In soil infected with Rhizoctonia solani the germination rates of the seeds remained between 30 and 40%, whereas against Phytium aphanidermatum some Pseudomonas-strains caused germination rates of 40–60%. The preventive effect of the antagonists against fungal infection after the germination was better. 16 isolates reduced the damage caused by Rhizoctonia solani to bean between 90 and 100%. Damage caused by Pythium aphanidermatum to cucumber was reduced by 12 antagonists between 70 and 80%.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen     

Control ofEphestia kuehniella Zell. by sex pheromones in the flour mills

The possibility of controlling ofEphestia kuebniella Zell. by mass-trapping, mating-disruption and attracticide method was investigated in Northern Italy from 1986 to 1992.Considerable progress has been made in these years in controlling of mediterranean flour moth with sex pheromone (Z9E12-14Ac or TDA). The utilization of synthetic pheromone could lead to a drastic reduction of chemical treatments with consequent economic and qualitative advantages, protecting goods from residual products noxious to consumers and improving the image of the firm.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden von 1986 bis 1992 in norditalienischen Mühlen Versuche zur Bekämpfung vonEphestia kuehniella durch Massenfang, Kopulationsverhinderung und Anlockung/Vergiftung durchgeführt. Es ergaben sich beachtliche Erfolge mit dem Sexualpheromon Z9E12-14Ac (=TDA). Es konnte damit eine drastische Verminderung der chemischen Bekämpfung erreicht werden, woraus wirtschaftliche Vorteile und ein besseres Image bei den Verbrauchern resultierten.

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With 5 figures     

Herstellung polyklonaler Antikörper in Hühnern unter Ausnutzung des immunologischen Gedächtnisses am Beispiel des Tabakmosaikvirus (TMV)

Zusammenfassung In einem Huhn wurden polyklonale Antikörper gegen TMV produziert. Da, um das immunologische Gedächtnis optimal auszunutzen, die Spanne zwischen erster und zweiter Immunisierung größer sein sollte als dies üblicherweise bei phytopathogenen Viren gehandhabt wird, erfolgte die zweite Immunisierung 10 Wochen nach der ersten. Bei diesem langen zeitlichen Abstand konnte nach der zweiten Immunisierung bei den Antikörpern aus dem Eidotter ein Titter von 80000 erzielt werden, nach der dritten Immunisierung stieg der Titer auf 160000. Die Antikörper, die man aus dem Blutserum gewann (Titer: 40000), konnte man auch erfolgreich im ELISA einsetzen.

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Raising polyclonal antibodies against TMV in a hen utilizing the immunological memory

Polyclonal antibodies were raised against TMV in a hen. According to the immunological theory that in order to get a good immunological memory the time interval between the first and the second immunization should be larger than mostly practised in the case of plant viruses, the second immunization was undertaken 10 weeks after the first. Using this long interval a titer of 80000 could be achieved for antibodies from egg yolk after the second immunization. After the third immunization the titer increased up to 160000. The antibodies from the blood serum (titer: 40000) could also be used successfully for the ELISA.

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Mit einer Abbildung und einer Tabelle