微贮牧草对山羊生产性能、饲粮养分消化率和消化道微生物数量的影响

试验使用黑曲霉、乳酸菌、酵母菌3种微生物的固体菌剂以及尿素作为微生态制剂青贮(微贮)高丹草和牛鞭草,并对64只黑山羊进行30 d饲养对比试验,研究高丹草和牛鞭草青贮对山羊生产性能、饲粮养分消化率和消化道微生物数量的影响。试验结果为,相比于普通青贮(普贮),微贮高丹草酵母菌、黑曲霉、乳酸菌数量分别增加了475.61%、290.65%和513.37%;微贮牛鞭草酵母菌、黑曲霉、乳酸菌数量分别增加了466.67%、762.07%和486.05%;微贮组羊瘤胃中的酵母菌、黑曲霉和乳酸菌数量均极显著增加(P0.01);微贮组羊粪中的酵母菌、黑曲霉和乳酸菌数量显著或极显著增加(P0.05),大肠杆菌数量极显著降低(P0.001);微贮组饲粮除中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率极显著高于普贮组(P0.01),其余均显著高于普贮组(P0.05);微贮组平均日增重和饲料转化率显著高于普贮组(P0.05)。综上所述,微生态制剂青贮不仅可增加瘤胃和粪中酵母菌、黑曲霉和乳酸菌数量,减少粪中大肠杆菌的数量,还能提高山羊饲粮表观消化率和生长性能。     

饲料中霉菌毒素的危害及脱毒方法

饲料及其原料在加工、储存和运输过程中容易发生霉变,霉菌不仅污染饲料,而且消耗饲料中的营养物质,使饲料品质下降。畜禽摄食了受霉菌毒素污染的饲料之后容易出现中毒、腹泻、生长和繁殖性能下降等症状,严重情况下可能导致死亡。文章就霉菌毒素危害及近年来国内外饲料霉菌毒素脱毒技术研究进展进行综述,旨在为饲料中霉菌毒素的脱毒处理提供参考。     

不同利用方式紫花苜蓿地土壤含水量和容重的比较研究

为了研究不同利用方式紫花苜蓿地土壤含水量和土壤容重的季节和剖面变化特征,试验采用样点定位、季节动态监测的方法,对苜蓿种子田和苜蓿生产田的土壤含水量和土壤容重进行了测定。结果表明:0~10 cm土层紫花苜蓿种子田和紫花苜蓿生产田土壤含水量总体表现为随着月份的增加呈现"W"型变化趋势,最大值均在7月下旬出现,分别为27.30%和23.79%;≥10~20 cm土层和≥20~30 cm土层土壤含水量各月份差异不大。0~10 cm土层苜蓿种子田和苜蓿生产田土壤容重随着月份的增加呈现先降低后增加之后又降低的趋势,总体表现为苜蓿种子田苜蓿生产田;≥10~20 cm和≥20~30 cm土层变化比较平稳。苜蓿种子田和苜蓿生产田土壤含水量和容重在垂直方向随着土层深度的增加表现出不同的变化规律。     

山东省外观健康羊群中检出羊边界病病毒

2014年从山东省外观健康的牛羊采集鼻拭子样品共707份,提取其RNA,用流感病毒特异性引物进行RT-PCR检测。对RT-PCR扩增的阳性产物进行序列测定,意外发现其中1份羊拭子样品含有羊边界病病毒,并且该结果得到其他试验验证。结合我国2012年首次在安徽和江苏两地检出该病毒,以及当前我国羊群流通情况,推测该病毒可能在我国有所存在。该调研结果对分析各类RT-PCR检测的假阳性产生原因,有参考意义。并提示RT-PCR检测结果难以作为疫病或感染病诊断的确切依据。其诊断结果有时需要用荧光探针或测序进行进一步鉴定。     

猪霍乱沙门氏菌LAMP检测方法的建立与应用

利用猪霍乱沙门氏菌lacZ基因设计特异性引物,通过优化各种反应条件,建立了检测猪霍乱沙门氏菌的环介导等温扩增（LAMP）快速检测方法。此方法特异性好,灵敏度高,将细菌DNA稀释到10-8仍可检出,是PCR方法的1000倍。本研究建立的LAMP方法操作简便、灵敏度高、特异性强,为临床检测猪霍乱沙门氏菌和预防人猪霍乱沙门氏菌病提供了技术保障。     

Intramammary infusion of an Enterococcus faecium SF68 preparation promoted the involution of drying off Holstein cows partly related to neutrophil‐associated matrix metalloproteinase 9

A problem for dairy cows following milk stasis is to cope with a high risk of intramammary infection and there is a need to initiate an extensive renewal of secretory modules in mammary glands so that milk production in next lactation may be optimized. We recently reported that ultrasonicated Enterococcus faecium SF68 (SF68) is compatible with cow mammary glands and an enhancer of innate immunity during the immediate post‐milk stasis period. The current study further examines the concomitant effect of ultrasonicated SF68 on mammary tissue remodeling. Four Holstein cows each received intramammary infusions of regular antibiotic dry‐cow formula (positive control) and two different doses of SF68 in different quarters. Analyses of individual quarter secretion samples showed faster neutrophil infiltration, earlier modifications in protein composition, including caseins and lactoferrins, as well as more prompt elevation of the specific unit of 92‐kDa matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in SF68‐infused quarters compared to the positive controls. Intramammary infusion of ultrasonicated SF68 seems able to accelerate the regression of mammary synthetic capacity and potentiate the breakdown of glandular extracellular matrix, indicating a more efficient mammary gland involution. Correlation analyses imply that the ability of ultrasonicated SF68 to induce faster neutrophil chemotaxis and the associated MMP9 release is partly responsible.     

Effects of dietary energy level on lipid metabolism‐related gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of Yellow breed × Simmental cattle

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of dietary energy level on lipid metabolism‐related gene expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue in Yellow breed × Simmental cattle. The experiment was conducted for 60 days. The results showed that final weight, average daily gain, average backfat thickness, (testicles + kidney + pelvic) fat percentage and subcutaneous fat percentage in the high and medium energy groups were significantly higher than in the low‐energy group but that the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower. The glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein in the high‐energy group were significantly higher than in the low‐energy group. With dietary energy increasing the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) significantly increased, whereas hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐1) significantly diminished. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), LPL, FAS, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1), ACC, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) and adipocyte‐fatty acid binding proteins (A‐FABP) gene expression were significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, and HSL and CPT‐1 gene expression were significantly decreased. These results indicated that with dietary energy increasing, the subcutaneous fat accumulation mainly increased due to adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression and decreased lipolytic gene expression.     

散养条件下野生双峰驼初冬活动时间分配及节律

【目的】对散养状态下野生双峰驼(下称野骆驼)昼夜行为时间分配及活动节律进行研究,旨在丰富野骆驼行为生态学基础资料,为其进一步保护和管理提供科学依据。【方法】2012年10—12月期间,采用目标动物取样法对在甘肃敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区进行试验性放归的4峰野骆驼(2雄2雌)进行昼间行为的观测。将野骆驼的行为分为6类:休息、警戒、运动、采食、反刍和其他行为。【结果】时间分配上雄性采食行为时间比例最高,为28.13%±10.42%,雌性野骆驼由于适应新的环境表现出警戒行为比例最高,为28.22%±10.74%。观察期间雌、雄性野骆驼行为时间分配无显著差异。随月份变化,野骆驼休息、警戒和反刍时间呈下降趋势,运动时间和采食时间呈上升趋势。野骆驼昼间警戒和运动行为存在晨昏活动的高峰,其采食行为有2个高峰时段,出现在当地时间日出之后(9:00—10:00)和日落之前(14:00—16:00),野骆驼的休息高峰出现在中午时分(11:00—13:00)。散养条件下野骆驼行为时间分配和活动节律与大多数有蹄类动物类似。【结论】散养条件下野骆驼行为时间分配和活动节律与大多数有蹄类动物相似,相关数据可为其进一步保护和管理提供参考。     

大叶杨组培快繁体系的建立

以大叶杨幼嫩的带腋芽茎段为试材,建立以腋芽诱导途径为基础的植株组培快繁体系。结果表明:大叶杨腋芽诱导的最适宜培养基为MS+NAA0.1 mg/L+6-BA0.1 mg/L,接种30 d,腋芽萌发率可达100%;最适宜增殖培养基为MS+NAA0.1 mg/L+6-BA2.0 mg/L,培养30 d,增殖系数可达4.0,幼苗生长健壮;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA0.1mg/L+IBA0.2 mg/L,培养30 d,平均生根达4条,平均根长为4.7 cm。     

喀什地区冬季果园微环境的低温特征分析

为了研究冬季南疆果园微环境中的最低气温及其变化特征,从而为果树越冬防寒措施的制定提供参考依据,利用2009~2012年连续3个冬季在喀什地区伽师县、疏附县2个果园内实测的气温数据,就2个果园中最低气温的出现时间、变化趋势和低温持续的时间进行了分析,探讨了伽师果园微环境中测定的最低气温和伽师县气象站记录的标准气温之间的差异。结果表明:1月是当地果园气温最低的月份,2个果园连续3个冬季的最低气温都出现在1月,气温在清晨08:00时至上午10:00时达到当天最低值;伽师果园测定的日、旬最低气温与该县气象站记录的最低气温的变化趋势基本一致,伽师果园中测定的日、旬最低气温始终低于伽师县气象站记录的同期标准气温,其与气象站标准气温的平均温差在3.6~4.1℃之间。