基于近红外光谱分析的土壤全氮含量估测研究

应用近红外光谱分析技术对比研究基于土壤风干样本和鲜样来预测全氮含量的可行性。选取水稻土为研究对象,首先分析了不同水分土壤的光谱特征,显示随水分含量增加,吸光度升高,且鲜样的吸光度高于干样。通过比较不同预处理方法,对土壤干鲜样分别采用逐步多元回归(SMLR)和偏最小二乘法(PLSR)建立了相应的近红外模型。结果表明,利用近红外光谱均可预测干鲜土壤样本的全氮含量,特别是利用偏最小二乘法建立的标定模型,预测精度高,反演性较好,鲜样和干样外部验证决定系数分别达到0.89和0.91,相对误差仅为6.92%和5.92%,研究结果可以为田间土壤全氮含量的估测提供技术依据和参考。     

污泥及其混合堆肥对番茄土壤性质和N_2O排放的影响

目前关于污泥及其生物质堆肥的土地利用过程中土壤性质变化和温室气体排放数据十分缺乏,难以满足农田土壤氮素保存和温室气体减排的需求。该研究通过在番茄种植过程中添加800 kg/hm2新鲜污泥(S-H)、400 kg/hm2新鲜污泥(S-L)、800 kg/hm2秸秆堆肥(VM-S)和800 kg/hm2猪粪堆肥(VM-M),开展土壤性质、无机氮形态、作物生长以及N2O排放特征的研究。结果表明:堆肥处理显著增加了土壤电导率(electric conductivity,EC)(P0.05),其中猪粪堆肥时土壤EC值最大。添加污泥和堆肥都使土壤p H值显著上升(P0.05),最终趋于中性,且VM-M对土壤酸化的抑制效果略优于VM-S。污泥和堆肥处理时土壤NO3--N浓度显著高于对照,且各处理组NO3--N浓度均随时间逐渐下降,NO3--N主要被番茄吸收,部分NO3--N从土壤上层淋溶至下层;NH4+大多数被氧化为NO3-,部分NH4+被植物吸收。在施入的无机氮量相等情况下,VM-M、VM-S、S-H处理组中番茄地上部分生物量分别为1 515、1 383、1 103 g/株,株高分别为56.8、54.5、51.3 cm,对番茄生长的促进效果为VM-MVM-SS-H,而S-H比S-L多施入的氮肥对番茄生长并未起到明显促进作用(P0.05)。与对照相比,污泥或生物质堆肥都显著提高了土壤N2O的排放(P0.05),各处理组N2O的排放均集中于施肥后的前20天,且土壤N2O的排放通量大小顺序为S-L(0.76 kg/(hm2·a))VM-M(0.95 kg/(hm2·a))VM-S(1.19 kg/(hm2·a))S-H(1.71 kg/(hm2·a))。因此,在进行污泥及其生物质堆肥的土地利用时,应考虑有机肥的种类及其施用量,以在提高作物产量的同时改善土壤并减少温室气体排放,在进行污泥的农田利用时可先将污泥与畜禽粪堆肥。     

北方褐土区冬小麦养分平衡施肥参数研究

【目的】利用养分平衡法原理,研究各养分平衡施肥参数,建立以土壤有效养分测定为基础的我国褐土冬小麦测土推荐施肥指标体系,以简捷快速、科学合理地指导我国北方褐土区冬小麦的施肥与生产。【方法】通过对多年多点小麦肥效试验结果的分析,分别计算出小麦单位产量养分吸收量、土壤有效养分校正系数、肥料当季利用率等养分平衡施肥参数,主要研究土壤环境、产量水平等因素对土壤有效养分校正系数和肥料利用率的影响及变化规律。【结果】冬小麦每百千克小麦产量养分吸收量在一个相对稳定的范围内变化,因此忽略其变化将其定为常数,即氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)分别为3 kg、1.2 kg和2.8 kg。土壤有效养分校正系数与土壤有效养分含量之间呈显著幂指数负相关关系。在不同的产量水平下,肥料养分当季利用率与土壤有效养分含量之间呈显著对数负相关关系。在此基础上,建立了以养分平衡原理为依据、土壤有效养分测定为基础的我国褐土冬小麦测土推荐施肥指标体系。【结论】由于养分平衡模型的作物推荐施肥量是根据目标产量需肥量与土壤供肥量之差来计算的,在利用该模型进行施肥推荐时,研究的关键点应该是如何准确确定模型中土壤有效养分校正系数和肥料当季利用率等参数,以便得到广泛地推广应用。在北方褐土区建立了以养分平衡原理为依据,土壤肥力测定为基础,具有氮、磷和钾全定量特性的小麦测土推荐施肥体系。     

巨大/胶冻样类芽孢杆菌对印度芥菜修复Cd污染土壤的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了接种巨大芽孢杆菌和胶冻样类芽孢杆菌的混合发酵液对印度芥菜修复Cd污染土壤的影响。结果表明,接种混合菌发酵液可显著增加印度芥菜的生物量,接种20d、接种量为50ml时,总生物量较对照组增加了50.44%;在接种30d时,50ml混合菌发酵液处理的印度芥菜地上部P、K的含量显著高于对照组,分别增加了48.84%和74.90%,同时接种50ml混合菌发酵液可显著提高根际和非根际土壤中有效态Cd含量,使其较对照分别增加了39.29%和32.52%。接种混合菌发酵液可促进印度芥菜对土壤Cd的吸收,接种40d接种量为50ml时Cd吸收总量较对照组显著增加了60.36%。综上所述,接种混合菌发酵液50ml时,可促进印度芥菜的生长,增加土壤有效态Cd含量,从而提高了印度芥菜对Cd污染土壤的修复效率。     

西藏高原地温对气温变化的响应

选取1971-2013年西藏西部、中部和东部8个气象站的浅层（5、10、20cm）地温和较深层（40、80cm）地温以及气温逐月的观测资料,采用气候倾向率法、Mann-Kendall（M-K）检验等方法,分析近43a西藏年、季平均气温,年、季平均地温,年平均地气温差的变化趋势以及地温与气温的气候突变关系,并对21世纪地温的变化趋势进行预估。结果表明：（1）各研究站点年平均浅层地温均呈显著上升趋势（P＜0.05）,其中藏西部和藏中部比藏东部增温显著;各季节几乎地温上升显著,其中冬、春季升幅显著高于夏、秋季。（2）年、季深层地温除昌都无显著变化外,其余站点几乎均呈显著上升趋势（P＜0.05）,其中狮泉河、日喀则、拉萨各季深层地温升幅显著高于同期浅层地温,而泽当和昌都各季深层地温升幅低于同期浅层地温。（3）研究地温对气温的响应发现,研究期内藏西部的狮泉河浅层年地气温差小于深层,藏中部的日喀则和拉萨浅层年地气温差20世纪90年代前大于深层,90年代后接近或小于深层;藏东部的昌都浅层年地气温差在80年代中期前小于深层,80年代中期后大于深层。各土层年平均地温与年平均气温均呈极显著正相关,不同土层年地温间也呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。（4）西藏21世纪地温随着气温显著升高,藏西部和藏中部增温幅度整体高于藏东部。年均地温高于气温,且其升温幅度大于气温,气温升高,地温增加,预估至21世纪末,昌都、拉萨、波密地温水平将分别达到偏南的八宿、泽当和察隅现有地温水平,相当于所有站点南移近1个纬度。     

玉米秸秆循环流化床气化炉气化工艺参数优化

为实现秸秆类农业生物质废弃物的高效清洁能源化转化利用,采用带有二级返料系统的循环流化床气化炉对玉米秸秆进行了气化试验。在二级返料系统开启及闭合条件下,选取空气当量比为0.20～0.35,研究空气当量比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明二级返料系统开启及闭合两种工况均在空气当量比为0.26时取得较优值,二级返料系统开启时具有较好的气化效果,碳转化率与气化效率最大值分别达到93.54%与77.06%。在二级返料系统开启状态下,试验研究了水蒸气配比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明以空气为主气化介质,辅助以水蒸气气化,可以有效改善气化燃气品质,提升气化效率。当空气当量比为0.26、水蒸气配比为0.2时,玉米秸秆空气—水蒸气气化具有较好的气化特性,燃气热值与气化效率分别达到最大值5.89MJ/m3与81.45%。典型工况条件下的焦油蒸馏馏分分析结果表明,提高气化炉反应温度,并保持一定的水蒸气气化环境,可促进焦油裂解转化。试验可为秸秆类生物质的高效清洁转化利用提供参考依据。     

西南山区生态敏感区土地生态安全评价——以秀山县为例

研究综合应用数字高程模型(DEM)、遥感影像及土地利用现状更新调查等数据,应用地理信息系统(GIS),基于栅格对秀山县土地生态安全状况进行了评价和分析,为西南山区生态敏感区探索一种精确的生态安全评价方法。结果表明:秀山县土地生态安全状况可以分为安全、较安全、预警、中警4个级别,各级别的面积分别占21.23%,43.97%,21.81%,4.99%。其中土地生态安全级主要分布在中部平坝丘陵区;土地生态较安全级在全县均有分布,多分布在各区域坡度较小、海拔相对较低等位置;土地生态预警级主要分布在东部低山区南端、西部低山区、以及东部中山区和西部中山区中海拔相对较低的位置;土地生态中警级主要分布在东部中山区和西部中山区。综上,秀山县土地生态状况整体上良好,与实际情况相符合,今后应加强土地利用结构优化,提高土壤培肥力度,减少水土流失,以促进土地生态系统健康稳定发展。     

Metabolic characteristics of microbial communities of Aeolian sandy soils induced by saline water drip irrigation in shelter forests

The microbial metabolic activities of soils sampled at eight depths (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, 30–50, 50–70, 70–100, 100–150 and 150–200 cm) in shelter forests (comprising the tree species, Haloxylon sp.) along the Tarim Desert Highway under drip irrigation with different saline waters were investigated by using Biolog technology. Variance analysis and principal component analysis were conducted. The average well colour development (AWCD) values for single carbon source use by microorganisms increased with the incubation time. The microorganisms reached a lag phase within 24 hours of incubation and entered exponential and stationary phases after 48 and 216 hours of incubation, respectively; however, the death phase was not obvious. As the salinity of drip irrigation water increased, the AWCD values significantly decreased; the AWCD value in the land drip‐irrigated with lowest saline water (S8) was roughly 20% larger than that of the land drip‐irrigated with highest saline water (S1), which was mainly caused by the differences in the use of carboxylic acids, amino acids and phenolic compounds by soil microorganisms. The vertical differences in carbon source utilization by soil microbial communities were obvious: these may be caused by the vertical differences in soil organism abundance associated with distribution of roots in the shelter forest. The largest and smallest AWCD values were noted in the 70–100‐cm soil layer and 0–5‐cm topsoil layer, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the AWCD values and soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, available phosphorus, pH, cation exchange capacity and bulk density were > 0.85. Thus, the differences in carbon source metabolism activities of soil microorganisms were caused mainly by the soil chemical properties, with total nutrients being the main driving factor. Furthermore, the amounts of carboxylic acids, amino acids and polymers provided sensitive markers for distinguishing the ability of soil microorganisms to use carbon sources under drip irrigation with different saline waters. Saline water irrigation affected the soil microbial community in shelter forest and produced obvious differences among the shelter forests irrigated with different saline waters.     

基于变论域模糊控制算法的树木年轮测量仪直流电机转速控制

为提高电机转速控制精度,分析了PID控制算法和变论域模糊控制算法原理,分别使用这2种控制算法控制年轮测量仪直流电机,并对落叶松、油松、云杉、山杨、白桦、红桦、辽东栎等7个树种圆盘进行测试,每个树种测试10次。变论域模糊控制算法电机转速在电机启动后约90 ms后进入稳定状态,PID控制算法约需要160 ms才进入稳定状态。在70组测试数据中,变论域模糊控制算法的误差标准差的总平均值是33.8r/min,PID控制算法的误差标准差的总平均值是40.3 r/min,模糊控制算法的控制精度比PID控制算法高0.21%。试验结果表明:变论域模糊控制算法与PID控制算法相比,变论域模糊控制算法响应速度快、鲁棒性好、稳态误差小。在变论域模糊控制算法的控制下,年轮测量仪对7个树种的平均年轮测量精度是84.38%,而PID控制算法下的平均测量精度是78.13%。因此,年轮测量仪直流电机控制算法选用变论域模糊控制算法。     

Effect of bread baking on the bioavailability of hydrogen-reduced iron powder added to unenriched refined wheat flour

Elemental iron powders are widely used to fortify flour and other cereal products. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that baking enhances the bioavailability of elemental iron powders by oxidizing Fe(0) to Fe(2+) or Fe(3+). An in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model and a piglet model were used to measure bioavailability. Bread flour, either unfortified or fortified with hydrogen-reduced (HR) iron powder or FeSO(4) (300 mg Fe/kg flour), was baked into bread. For the in vitro studies, bread samples were treated with pepsin at pH 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 and subsequently incubated with pancreatic enzymes at pH 7 in a chamber positioned above monolayers of cultured Caco-2 cells. Ferritin formation in the cells was used as an index of iron bioavailability. Ferritin formation in cells fed HR Fe bread was similar to cells fed FeSO(4) bread when the peptic digestion was conducted at a pH 2 but lower when the peptic phase was conducted at pH 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 (P < 0.05). Pig diets containing 35% dried bread were prepared and fed to cross-bred (Hampshire x Landrace x Yorkshire) anemic pigs in two studies. The rate of increase in hemoglobin Fe over the feeding period was used to calculate relative biological value (RBV), an index of iron bioavailability. In the first pig study, RBV of HR Fe added to flour prior to baking was 47.9% when compared to FeSO(4) fortified flour (P < 0.05). In the second pig study, a third treatment consisting of unfortified bread with HR iron added during diet mixing (after bread baking) was included. RBVs of the HR Fe diet (Fe added after baking) and HR Fe diet (Fe added before baking) were 40.1% and 53.5%, respectively, compared to the FeSO(4) diet. Differences in RBV between the HR Fe (before and after baking) and FeSO(4) (before baking) treatment groups were significant, but the difference between the before and after HR treatment groups was not significant. We conclude that bread baking does not enhance the bioavailability of elemental iron powders.