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381.
Suzanne Higgins Saskia D. Keesstra Žydrė Kadziuliene Lionel Jordan-Meille David Wall Alessandra Trinchera Heide Spiegel Taru Sandén Andreas Baumgarten Johannes L. Jensen Juliane Hirte Frank Liebisch Susanne Klages Philipp Löw Katrin Kuka Maarten De Boever Karoline D'Haene Sevinc Madenoglu Hesna Özcan Wieke Vervuurt Janjo de Haan Willem van Geel Bo Stenberg Pascal Denoroy Rok Mihelič Alar Astover Raquel Mano Cristina Sempiterno Fatima Calouro Giuseppe Valboa Helena Aronsson Tore Krogstad Stanislav Torma Jose Gabriel Peter Laszlo Nils Borchard Bartosz Adamczyk Anna Jacobs Beata Jurga Bożena Smreczak Bruno Huyghebaert Morgan Abras Raimonds Kasparinskis Eloise Mason Claire Chenu 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(5):e13422
The European Commission has set targets for a reduction in nutrient losses by at least 50% and a reduction in fertiliser use by at least 20% by 2030 while ensuring no deterioration in soil fertility. Within the mandate of the European Joint Programme EJP Soil ‘Towards climate-smart sustainable management of agricultural soils’, the objective of this study was to assess current fertilisation practices across Europe and discuss the potential for harmonisation of fertilisation methodologies as a strategy to reduce nutrient loss and overall fertiliser use. A stocktake study of current methods of delivering fertilisation advice took place across 23 European countries. The stocktake was in the form of a questionnaire, comprising 46 questions. Information was gathered on a large range of factors, including soil analysis methods, along with soil, crop and climatic factors taken into consideration within fertilisation calculations. The questionnaire was completed by experts, who are involved in compiling fertilisation recommendations within their country. Substantial differences exist in the content, format and delivery of fertilisation guidelines across Europe. The barriers, constraints and potential benefits of a harmonised approach to fertilisation across Europe are discussed. The general consensus from all participating countries was that harmonisation of fertilisation guidelines should be increased, but it was unclear in what format this could be achieved. Shared learning in the delivery and format of fertilisation guidelines and mechanisms to adhere to environmental legislation were viewed as being beneficial. However, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to harmonise all soil test data and fertilisation methodologies at EU level due to diverse soil types and agro-ecosystem influences. Nevertheless, increased future collaboration, especially between neighbouring countries within the same environmental zone, was seen as potentially very beneficial. This study is unique in providing current detail on fertilisation practices across European countries in a side-by-side comparison. The gathered data can provide a baseline for the development of scientifically based EU policy targets for nutrient loss and soil fertility evaluation. 相似文献
382.
Leemans J Kirschvink N Bernaerts F Clercx C Cambier C Gustin P 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2009,180(2):236-245
This study compared the duration and magnitude of the antispasmodic effects of salmeterol (SLM), salbutamol (SAL), ipratropium bromide (IB) and the combination of SAL and IB (SAL/IB) against carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction in healthy cats, and investigated the gain in efficacy using a two or fourfold increase in drug dosages. The drug regimens used were: (1) SLM 25 microg, SAL 100 microg, IB 20 microg and SAL/IB 100 microg/20 microg for bronchodilators delivered by a metered-dose inhaler (MDI); (2) SAL 3.75 mg and IB 62.5 microg for nebulised (NEB) medications. To monitor the bronchodilator effect, airway responsiveness was assessed at different time points using barometric whole-body plethysmography and calculation of the concentration of inhaled carbachol inducing a 300% increase of baseline Penh (enhanced pause), an estimator of airflow limitation. Maximum C-Penh300 was recorded 15 min after NEB SAL, IB MDI, NEB IB and 1h after SAL MDI and 4h after SLM MDI, respectively. C-Penh300 was significantly different from control values (without treatment) up to 24h for SLM MDI, 8h for IB MDI and 4h for other drugs. In terms of efficacy, SAL/IB MDI showed a synergistic antispasmodic effect at 15 min, 4h and 8h after administration. A fourfold increase of the initial dose of IB MDI and NEB IB significantly increased C-Penh300. Despite a fourfold dose increase, SLM displayed the weakest degree of bronchoprotection compared to other bronchodilators. The study provides evidence that inhaled bronchodilators are efficient at preventing muscarinic-induced bronchospasm in healthy cats and that SAL and IB appear to be short-acting bronchodilators in contrast to SLM. 相似文献
383.
Billy Nzau Matondo Micha?l Ovidio Jean-Claude Philippart Pascal Poncin 《Fisheries Science》2012,78(6):1173-1178
The gonadosomatic index at spawning, absolute fecundity, and egg size for the female sexual products as well as the density and consistency of semen for the male sexual products were examined in cultured Abramis brama?×?Blicca bjoerkna F1 hybrids and compared with the parental species at their first sexual maturity. Females ovulated under environmental conditions, and their eggs were weighed, counted and measured. Semen of males was macroscopically examined and spermatozoa counted using a hemocytometer. Results revealed that hybridization affected the quality of female and male gametes but with an overlap between hybrids and parents. The gonadosomatic index and fecundity were significantly lower than those of parental species. Egg sizes in hybrids showed a parental effect but to the benefit of hybrids. Semen of hybrids was more diluted which was classified into two groups: the white semen overlapping slightly with parents and the aqueous without any overlap with parents. Overlapped areas between hybrids and parents in term of quality of sexual products could translate that females and males of these hybrids have the biological capacity to produce high quality gametes and thus, a greater chance to produce F2 and backcross generations in rivers. 相似文献
384.
Elie Montchowui Philippe Lalèyè Emile N'tcha Jean‐Claude Philippart Pascal Poncin 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(8):1243-1250
This study aimed at (1) evaluating the efficacy of live food organisms (Artemia and natural zooplankton) and an artificial diet in the larval rearing of African carp Labeo parvus and (2) determining appropriate rearing conditions. After yolk sac resorption, the larvae were separated into five different feeding trials with two replicates. At the end of the larval rearing period (28 days post‐hatching), the highest (94.6%) and the lowest (53.7%) cumulative survival rates were found when larvae were fed with natural zooplankton for 7 days followed by Nippai food for 21 days, and when larvae were fed from the beginning of exogenous feeding with Nippai food only respectively. The significant highest body weight (351.6 mg), total length (34.4 mm) and specific growth rates (15.5%day?1) were recorded when the larvae were fed with Artemia nauplii for 14 days followed by Nippai food for 14 days. The lowest growth performance (body weight and specific growth rates) were obtained when larvae were fed exclusively Nippai food. These results indicate that L. parvus can be successfully cultured in indoor nursery systems from hatching to the early juvenile stage. 相似文献
385.
Ioannis E. Papadakis Stavros Chatzifotis Pascal Divanach Maroudio Kentouri 《Aquaculture International》2008,16(1):13-25
The weaning of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerilii Risso 1810) to a dry diet was studied in two consecutive experiments. The experimental fish were hatchery-produced and grown
to their initial size on a soft pellet containing 50% trash fish and 50% commercial dry pellet. In the first experiment, three
homogenous groups of greater amberjacks (n = 153, mean weight: 374 ± 43 g), initially adapted for a period of 30 days to a diet with a 40% moisture content, were fed
on commercial pellets containing three different levels of dietary moisture (7, 20 and 40%, respectively) for 126 days. We
found that fish needed a month to adapt to the 7%- and 20%-moisture diets and that moisture content of the diet had a significant
effect on fish growth in terms of increasing feed consumption and lowering feed conversion ratio. The group fed on the 20%-moisture
diet not only compensated for the initial adaptation period but presented the higher growth rate and best feed conversion
ratio. In the second experiment, all groups of experiment 1 were fed the same commercial diet with a 7% moisture content for
72 days. The group that had been previously fed on the 20%-moisture diet showed the best growth performance. The implication
of the above results for the weaning of greater amberjack to dry diets is discussed in terms of the digestion process and
physiology. 相似文献