响应面法对金银花中绿原酸提取工艺的优化

为优化金银花中绿原酸提取率的最佳工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,应用Box-Behnken中心组合设计研究了乙醇质量分数、水浴时间、微波温度3个独立因子对金银花中绿原酸提取率的影响,再利用响应面分析法优化提取工艺条件。结果表明:绿原酸微波辅助提取最佳工艺条件为微波功率400W,微波温度58℃处理70 s,料液比1∶25,乙醇质量分数72%,60℃水浴加热51 min。经实际提取验证,绿原酸提取率为4.643 mg/g。     

20世纪60年代以来黄土高原小流域泥沙来源的方法与历史侵蚀过程研究进展

小流域作为黄土高原水土流失综合治理的基本单元,赋存了大量的泥沙侵蚀特征和侵蚀环境变化信息。它在减少黄土高原土壤侵蚀方面发挥着十分重要作用。概述了20世纪60年代以来黄土高原小流域泥沙来源和历史侵蚀过程方面的研究进展,小流域泥沙来源主要从传统方法、元素示踪法及REE稀土元素示踪法方面进行了分析,展望了未来小流域泥沙来源及泥沙侵蚀研究的发展,为小流域开展水土保持工作、对水土资源进行科学的评价和开展更深入的研究提供了重要参考。     

How pristine are tropical forests? An ecological perspective on the pre-Columbian human footprint in Amazonia and implications for contemporary conservation

Archeologists, paleoecologists and anthropologists argue that ecologists need to give greater consideration to the pre-historical influence of humans in shaping the current structure and composition of tropical forests. We examine these arguments within the context of Amazonia, and assess the extent to which (i) the concepts of “pristine forests” and “cultural parklands” are mutually exclusive, (ii) the aggregated distribution of some plants necessarily indicates enrichment planting, (iii) pre-Columbian human disturbance has increased forest biodiversity, (iv) pre-Columbian indigenous practices were always sustainable, and (v) if indeed, the ecological impacts of pre-Columbian peoples are relevant for modern biodiversity conservation. Overall, we reject the notion that “the pristine myth has been thoroughly debunked” by archeological evidence, and suggest that the environmental impacts of historical peoples occurred along gradients, with high-impacts in settlements and patches of Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE), lesser impacts where occasional enrichment planting took place in forests surrounding agricultural plots, and a very low influence (in terms of light hunting pressure and other types of resource extraction) across vast areas of Amazonia that may always have been far from permanent settlements and navigable rivers. We suggest that the spatial distribution of pre-Columbian finds is given more attention, and urge caution before case studies are extrapolated to the entire Basin. Above all, we feel that debates over “naturalness” and environmental impacts of pre-Columbian humans are of limited relevance to present and future biodiversity conservation, and can detract from the major challenges facing Amazonia and other tropical forest regions today.     

浙江天童冬青属植物的种群结构及更新类型

为加强冬青属Ilex植物资源的保护和利用,采用标准样方法调查分析了浙江宁波天童4种冬青种群结构及更新类型。结果表明:1所调查群落共出现木本植物61种,除草本层外,林木层由下至上可分为灌木层和乔木层,其中在乔木层之上存在分别由小果冬青Ilex micrococca,马尾松Pinus massoniana,天童锐角槭Acer acutum构成的不连续的超高层。2所调查冬青属植物的年龄结构可分为4种类型:增长型(皱柄冬青Ilex kengii),稳定型(铁冬青Ilex rotunda),成熟型(冬青Ilex chinensis)和衰退型(小果冬青Ilex micrococca)。3冬青属植物总体生长良好,但有些种如小果冬青属于衰退型,无幼苗,无萌枝,种子更新困难,冬青幼苗难以通过环境筛导致幼树严重匮乏,需要采取适当人工育种以及栽培技术来加以繁殖保护,并对优良种质加以选育和利用。     

The spread of PVYo in New Brunswick potato fields: Timing and vectors

Field tests at three sites over a period of three to four years have shown that PVY^o spread in New Brunswick starts in mid-to late July when plants reach maximum height. Some 62 different genera or species of aphids were collected in experimental plots. Only seven of these were known vector species. Of the colonizing species, the alate green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), seems to be the most important vector. However, because it is not always present when disease spread starts, non-colonizing aphids are probably responsible for the early spread of PVY^o. Five of these species of aphids were tested in the laboratory to determine their vector efficiency. A list of potential vectors is presented. The impact of these findings on the management of PVY^o is discussed.     

Chemical speciation of copper and manganese in solution of a copper-contaminated soil and young grapevine growth with amendment application

Copper(Cu)-based fungicide application to control foliar diseases in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.) can increase soil Cu availability. Brazilian soils have high natural Cu and manganese(Mn) concentrations, increasing the potential for toxicity to grapevine plants. Application of amendment substances can reduce the concentrations of toxic chemical species of Cu and Mn in soil solution, especially for the soils grown with young plants. We evaluated the chemical speciation of Cu and Mn in soil soluti...     

天津市农业节水灌溉现状及发展方向

根据天津市农业节水灌溉的现状,分析了目前存在的农业节水工程建设速度缓慢、建设标准不高,管理体制和用水机制不健全,先进的节水技术和管理机制发展不平衡、不普及、不深入等主要问题,并根据山丘区、井灌区、混灌区和旱作区等不同节水类型区域,提出各类型区域发展节水灌溉的重点。