CT扫描分析秸秆隔层孔隙特征及其对土壤水入渗的影响

为阐明不同物理形态玉米秸秆建立的隔层对盐碱土壤灌溉水入渗特征的影响机制,该文采用室内模拟试验方法,在距地表40～45 cm处均匀铺设同一隔层厚度(5 cm)段状秸秆(SL)、颗粒状秸秆(SK)与粉末状秸秆(SF),以不埋设秸秆隔层为对照(CK),并利用CT扫描和图像处理技术,定量分析不同形态秸秆隔层内部孔隙度、孔隙大小分布、连通度等孔隙参数及其与灌溉水入渗特征之间的关系。结果表明:与CK处理相比,不同物理形态的玉米秸秆隔层均显著提高了40～45 cm隔层处总孔隙度,其中以SF处理最高,分别较CK、SL与SK处理显著提高了29.25、12.09与12.61个百分点(P 0.05),但SL与SK处理间差异不显著。SF处理在灌溉水入渗各阶段均显著增加了孔隙直径≤1 mm的孔隙度(P 0.05),入渗开始前、结束后分别较SL与SK处理提高了19.18、17.25和9.45、9.41个百分点,从而增大了封闭气体体积,导致灌溉水入渗速率较慢,而SL处理在灌溉水入渗开始前孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SK处理提高了1.04个百分点,但在入渗结束后SK处理孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SL处理显著提高,这种 1 mm大孔隙的变化导致SK处理出现湿润锋通过秸秆隔层耗时长于SL处理,而湿润锋通过隔层后至土柱底部耗时短于SL处理的现象。相关性分析结果表明:湿润锋通过秸秆隔层用时与入渗开始前、结束后隔层处总孔隙度、≤1 mm直径孔隙度均呈极显著正相关,与入渗前 1 mm直径孔隙度呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),而在入渗结束后这种大孔隙的作用减弱,但≤1 mm孔隙度的阻渗作用依旧显著,孔隙连通度对灌溉水入渗速率的影响较总孔隙度小。可见,不同形态玉米秸秆隔层均影响灌溉水入渗过程,CT扫描技术可作为定量研究秸秆隔层内部孔隙结构及其对灌溉水入渗影响机制的手段,该结果可为筛选和建立盐碱土壤最佳灌溉淋盐效果的物理形态秸秆隔层提供参考。     

Biochar-induced changes in soil properties affected immobilization/mobilization of metals/metalloids in contaminated soils

Purpose

Remediation of metal contaminated soil with biochar is attracting extensive interest in recent years. Understanding the significance of variable biochar properties and soil types helps elucidating the meticulous roles of biochar in immobilizing/mobilizing metals/metalloids in contaminated soils.

Materials and methods

Six biochars were produced from widely available agricultural wastes (i.e., soybean stover, peanut shells and pine needles) at two pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and 700 °C, respectively. The Pb-, Cu-, and Sb-contaminated shooting range soils and Pb-, Zn-, and As-contaminated agricultural soils were amended with the produced biochars. The mobility of metals/metalloids was assessed by the standard batch leaching test, principal component analysis and speciation modeling.

Results and discussion

The changes in soil properties were correlated to feedstock types and pyrolysis temperatures of biochars based on the principal component analysis. Biochars produced at 300 °C were more efficient in decreasing Pb and Cu mobility (>93 %) in alkaline shooting range soil via surface complexation with carboxyl groups and Fe-/Al-minerals of biochars as well as metal-phosphates precipitation. By contrast, biochars produced at 700 °C outperformed their counterparts in decreasing Pb and Zn mobility (100 %) in acidic agricultural soil by metal-hydroxides precipitation due to biochar-induced pH increase. However, Sb and As mobility in both soils was unfavorably increased by biochar amendment, possibly due to the enhanced electrostatic repulsion and competition with phosphate.

Conclusions

It is noteworthy that the application of biochars is not equally effective in immobilizing metals or mobilizing metalloids in different soils. We should apply biochar to multi-metal contaminated soil with great caution and tailor biochar production for achieving desired outcome and avoiding adverse impact on soil ecosystem.

     

玉米种子仿生脱粒机性能试验与参数优化

玉米种子仿生脱粒机是依据鸡喙离散玉米籽粒过程和裸手脱粒玉米籽粒过程的先离散后脱粒原理设计的,其具有低损伤、低破碎率等特点。为了优化玉米种子仿生脱粒机脱粒系统的有关参数,进而降低玉米种子在脱粒过程中的损伤,该文采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计的方法,以籽粒破碎率和脱净率为主要性能指标,选取差速辊转速、离散辊转速、脱粒辊转速和离散辊间隙、脱粒辊间隙为试验因素,对玉米种子仿生脱粒机进行了性能试验。并依据试验结果分别对离散辊转速与脱粒辊转速对破碎率和脱净率的影响,以及离散辊间隙与脱粒辊间隙对破碎率和脱净率的影响进行分析。分析结果表明:当离散辊转速在150~180 r/min和310~350 r/min,脱粒辊转速在270~350 r/min时,破碎率取得较小值;当离散辊转速在230~300 r/min,脱粒辊转速在150~200 r/min范围内时,籽粒脱净率取得最大值100%。当离散辊间隙在0~4 mm,脱粒辊间隙在5~9.2 mm时,籽粒破碎率取得最小值。当脱粒辊间隙在0~2.2 mm时脱净率取得最大值100%。综合以上结论,在试验拟合曲线的基础上按综合评价法进行优化,得到最优参数组合为差速辊转速90 r/min,离散辊转速350 r/min,脱粒辊转速为350 r/min,离散辊间隙4.6 mm,脱粒辊间隙4.6 mm。测得此时破碎率为0.226%,脱净率为99.317%,玉米芯完整度为100%,达到国家标准要求。     

DOC与POC耦合柴油机燃用调合生物柴油颗粒物的排放特性

在一台高压共轨柴油机上进行燃用调合生物柴油(B0、B10和B20)台架试验,利用MOUDI颗粒分级采样系统和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分别研究氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)结合颗粒氧化催化器(particle oxidation catalyst,POC)对颗粒物的粒径质量浓度分布和可溶性有机组分(SOF)的影响。结果表明:随着生物柴油的掺混比增加,各粒径范围的排气颗粒物质量浓度均下降,质量浓度峰值均在0.18~0.32μm;颗粒物SOF中脂类、酸类质量分数增加,烷烃类、芳香烃、酚类物质质量分数减少;B0和B20的碳原子数质量分数均呈现近似以C16为峰值的正态分布。加装DOC+POC后,3种燃料颗粒物的质量浓度均降低,聚集态颗粒的质量浓度转化率高于粗颗粒态,其中B20聚集态转化率最高,为58.36%;随着生物柴油的掺混比增加,DOC+POC对SOF的转化率增大,其中B20颗粒中SOF转化率达65.15%;DOC+POC对脂类和酸类物质净化作用明显,加装DOC+POC后,B20脂类和酸类物质的质量分数降幅分别为55.45%和43.27%;DOC+POC对B20颗粒物中SOF的C12~C18氧化作用明显。     

Portable surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for the detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotic residues in milk

An inexpensive and portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, SPReeta Evaluation Kit SPR3, has been used to develop a biosensor for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) and to demonstrate its performance analyzing FQ residues in milk samples. The SPReeta three-channel gold chips were activated with a mixed self-assembled monolayer (m-SAM) and functionalized with a FQ haptenized protein. Binding of the antibody produced a concentration-dependent increase of the SPR signal as a result of the change in the refraction index. Similarly, the presence of the FQ produced a dose-dependent decrease of the response, which allowed a good limit of detection (LOD) to be obtained (1.0 ± 0.4 μg L(-1) for enrofloxacin in buffer). The response was reproducible in all three channels, on different injections and days, and also between chips. Milk samples could be analyzed after a simple sample treatment involving fat removal by centrifugation and dilution with water. Under these conditions calibration curves were obtained showing that FQ residues can be analyzed in milk samples with an IC(50) value of 26.4 ± 7.2 μg L(-1) and a LOD of 2.0 ± 0.2 μg L(-1) (for enrofloxacin), far below the European Union regulations for this antibiotic family in this matrix. Finally, the paper also demonstrates that the biosensor is able to selectively detect the presence of FQs in milk samples, even in the presence of other antibiotics. Enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin residues were detected in blind samples supplied by Nestle? Co.     

蓝藻生物节律性分子调控机制的研究进展

生物钟现象是一种普遍存在于生物界细胞的内源节律性保持机制。生物钟机制的存在可以使生物体的代谢行为产生并维持以24h为周期的昼夜节律,从而更好地适应于地球自转所产生的环境条件昼夜间节律性变化。蓝藻是目前生物钟分子机制研究中的模式生物,其依赖于kai基因家族成员的核心生物钟调控模式已经被众多研究者详细阐明。蓝藻生物钟的核心振荡器是由蓝藻kaiA／B／C的编码产物来调控的,Kai蛋白的表达模式具有节律性。KaiC蛋白磷酸化状态的节律性循环及输入、输出途径相关组成蛋白的翻译后修饰状态节律性循环共同组成其反馈回路,负责维持生物钟节律性振荡的持续进行并与环境周期保持同步。传统的蓝藻生物钟分子机制模型认为,节律性表达基因翻译产物的转录／翻译负反馈抑制环是生物节律性维持和输出的关键。遗憾的是,在其它物种生物钟分子机制研究中未发现由ka／基因家族成员同源基因组成的节律性标签,这表明以kaiA／B／C为核心振荡器的生物钟系统并不是一种跨物种保守的生物钟系统。近期,人们发现非转录／翻译依赖的振荡器（NTO）也具有成为生物节律性产生和维持的“源动力”的可能。过氧化物氧化还原酶（Pax）氧化还原状态节律性是第一种被报道的跨物种保守的NTO节律性标签,这也日渐成为蓝藻生物钟分子机制研究新的热点。     

淮河上游全新世黄土-古土壤序列元素地球化学特性研究

在野外考察研究的基础上,对河南禹州全新世风成黄土-古土壤剖面系统采样,利用X-荧光光谱仪测定了常量元素和微量元素的含量及其变化,并与磁化率曲线、粒度变化曲线对比分析发现:常量元素氧化物比值钾钠比、残积系数和以Rb为代表的微量元素含量等随剖面层次呈规律性变化,即在古土壤层(S0)中含量最高,表土层(MS)中次之,在黄土层(L1、Lt、L0)中最低。硅铝率和Sr的含量表现出相反的变化规律。表明在全新世古土壤层和表土层形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用和次生粘化作用较强;在黄土堆积时期,气候比较干旱,沙尘暴频繁,成壤作用微弱。这些化学参数与磁化率曲线可以进行对比,表明成土过程中元素的迁移变化受全新世以来气候变化和成壤环境变化的控制。与黄土高原腹地的洛川剖面相比,淮河上游禹州剖面中绝大多数常量元素的含量较高,而绝大多数微量元素的含量偏低,磁化率也显著偏低,绝对值差别很大,粒度组成当中细沙成分含量很高,这说明淮河上游黄土物质来源与黄土高原地区明显不同。联系全新世时期黄河频繁泛滥、改道、沉积与黄淮平原盛行东北风形成流沙地的事实,认为淮河上游的黄土是黄河泛滥沉积物质经过风沙活动改造,由东北风力系统搬运而来的近源粉尘堆积,再经过就地风化或者成土改造而形成。     

Use of Aloe vera gel coating preserves the functional properties of table grapes

Table grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Crimson Seedless) were coated with Aloe vera gel according to our developed patent (SP Patent P200302937) and then stored for 35 days at 1 degrees C, and the subsequent shelf life (SL) was monitored at 20 degrees C. Uncoated clusters showed a rapid loss of functional compounds, such as total phenolics and ascorbic acid. These changes were accompanied by reduction of the total antioxidant activity (TAA) and increases in total anthocyanins, showing an accelerated ripening process. On the contrary, table grapes coated with Aloe vera gel significantly delayed the above changes, such as the retention of ascorbic acid during cold storage or SL. Consequently, Aloe vera gel coating, a simple and noncontaminating treatment, maintained the functional properties during postharvest storage of table grapes.     

龙眼复合涂膜保鲜剂的研究

选用魔芋葡苷聚糖、壳聚糖、乳化剂等，采用正交设计设立10个试验组，进行涂膜效果试验和龙眼常温保鲜试验，得出最佳的涂膜配方(含抗菌抑霉剂)为：魔芋葡甘聚糖浓度0.2%，壳聚糖0.2%，蔗糖脂肪酸脂0.15%。经过重复性试验，采用该组配方涂膜能有效增加“福眼”在贮藏期间的好果率，在常温下贮藏7d好果率为82%。显微照片显示，复合涂膜能在龙眼果皮形成一层更加致密的白色半透膜，能渗透到龙眼外果皮的微裂孔和维管束中，覆盖龙眼果皮表面的细孔。