Experimental study on soil erosion characteristics in flooded terraced paddy fields

This experimental study assesses the effects of event rainfall on soil erosion characteristics in terraced rice paddy fields. A 0.75-ha terraced paddy field located in Northern Taiwan was used to investigate the soil erosion under the regular cultivation of rice during two crop seasons. The environmental changes were investigated in the neighboring areas in which terraced paddy fields have been converted to other land usages. The annual rate of soil erosion calculated from the observed rainfall runoff and suspended solid contained was 0.77 ton/ha, which is significantly less than the erosion rate associated with upland crop cultivation reported by other research conducted in Taiwan. Experimental results also showed that the terraced paddy field retained the highest percentages of clay, silt, and organic matter's content, as compared to those of other upland crops, indicating that the topsoil was less susceptible to rainfall erosion under flooded conditions of rice-cultivation. The results of this study show that the rice-planted terraced paddy offers the highest level of soil conservation. The function of soil and water conservation in terraced paddy fields could be further increased by effective maintenance of embankment and to raise the height of the bund. Poor management, abandoned cultivation, and converse to other upland crops of terraced paddy fields are regarded as major contributors to increased soil erosion in mountainous areas. The government in Taiwan should formulate effective measures and maintain sustainable rice cultivation in the terraced paddies.     

77份文心兰种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

对文心兰77份种质资源的28个表型性状进行测定与评价,通过相关性分析、主成分分析及聚类分析获得其表型遗传多样性.结果表明:21个数量性状的遗传多样性指数均值达1.85,变化区间为1.36～2.07,其中数值最大为株幅(2.07);在7个质量形状中,除叶色性状外的其他表型性状的多样性指数均大于1,均值为1.23,最大表现...     

优质杂交油菜新品种宁杂11号高产高效栽培技术Ⅰ.长江上游高产高效栽培技术

宁杂11号属甘蓝型半冬性早熟杂交油菜新品种,母本是隐性细胞核雄性不育两用系G2A,父本是双低品系P10,2004年育成,2007年通过国家品种审定.该品种适合在长江上游油菜主产区推广应用.总结了该品种产量高、熟期早、品质优、抗性强、适合机械化等特点,提出了宁杂11号适合长江上游地区移栽与直播种植的关键技术,为其在该地区的推广应用提供了参考和依据.     

高静压和热处理对蘑菇多酚氧化酶的钝化动力学分析

研究了高静压处理HHP(100～1 600 MPa,0.2～25 min)和热处理(55～80℃,0.2～20 min)对双孢蘑菇多酚氧化酶(polyphenoloxidase,简称PPO)的钝化效果,并分析了钝化动力学。随着处理压力、温度的升高和处理时间的延长,钝化效果增强。在600 MPa以下压力处理后,PPO活性残存率均大于88%,表明600 MPa以下处理压力对PPO的钝化效果较差。而800、1000、1200、1400和1600 MPa压力下处理25 min,PPO活性残存率分别下降到66.42%、52.83%、27.20%、2.20%和0.01%,表明800 MPa以上压力能有效钝化蘑菇PPO。应用一级动力学模型拟合热处理对PPO的钝化动力学,各温度条件下拟合的决定系数R2都在0.960以上,表明PPO的热钝化符合一级动力学模型;应用两段式模型对HHP钝化蘑菇PPO的动力学进行拟合,决定系数R2均大于0.982,HHP钝化蘑菇PPO符合两段式钝化动力学。     

减源对超高产夏玉米物质积累及氮素利用的影响

通过不同减源处理,研究了在超高产条件下减源对夏玉米物质积累和氮素利用的影响。结果表明：在超高产条件下剪叶1／4和1／2后地上部生物量和籽粒产量未出现显著性下降;减源后玉米植株对氮素的积累量增加;超高产条件下剪叶1／4和1／2都可以提高氮素收获指数,且随剪叶程度加大,氮素收获指数呈现升高的趋势。选育高产条件下叶面积相对小的高产夏玉米品种,是解决高产条件下氮素利用率低的有效途径。     

温室番茄循环曝气地下滴灌土壤水分动态及耗水特性

为探求循环曝气地下滴灌对温室番茄土壤水分及耗水特性的影响规律,采用正交试验,研究了不同滴灌带埋深、曝气水平及灌水量对温室番茄土壤含水率、耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响.整个生育期内番茄耗水量呈先增大后减小的趋势,曝气处理番茄耗水量显著高于不曝气处理.相比于不曝气处理,曝气滴灌处理番茄产量提高10%.15 cm滴灌带埋深、溶氧值30 mg/L以及K_P为0.75灌水量处理的番茄产量和水分利用效率达到最大值,分别为64 951.3 kg/hm²和23.26 kg/(hm²·mm).结果表明,曝气处理对番茄产量、水分利用效率的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05).曝气对于土壤含水率有一定影响,且曝气处理有助于番茄对水分的吸收.滴灌带埋深和灌水量交互作用对番茄产量的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05),滴灌带埋深和曝气量交互作用对番茄产量的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01),灌水量与滴灌带埋深、灌水量与曝气水平交互作用分别对番茄水分利用效率的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01).     

Assessing chemical soil tests for predicting nitrogen mineralization in paddy soils of the Dongting Lake region in China

Purpose

Developing routine methods that accurately predict soil nitrogen (N) mineralization is essential for fertilization recommendation; thus, chemical soil testing has received worldwide attention. However, the optimal chemical soil test for predicting soil N mineralization is region specific. This study aimed to determine suitable chemical soil tests for predicting N mineralization in paddy soils of the Dongting Lake region, China.

Materials and methods

Composite surface samples (0–20 cm) of soils (n?=?30) with diverse inherent properties were collected from representative paddy fields across the region. The benchmark indices for soil N mineralization were the net mineralization rate of soil N in a 112-day anaerobic incubation under waterlogged conditions (NMRN₁₁₂) and N mineralization potential (N _o ) estimated using a modified double exponential model. Laboratory-based measurements of soil labile organic N (SLON) were conducted using chemical fractionation methods including 0.01 M NaHCO₃ extraction, hot 2 M KCl hydrolysis, phosphate-borate (PB) buffer hydrolysis, acidic KMnO₄ oxidation, and alkaline KMnO₄ oxidation. These were compared with the benchmark indices to assess their suitability for use as indicators for N mineralization.

Results and discussion

Acidic KMnO₄-oxidative organic N (acidic KMnO₄-N) and PB buffer-hydrolysable organic N (PB_HYDR-N) correlated strongly with NMRN₁₁₂ and N _o (r?=?0.825–0.884, P?<?0.001, n?=?30). Grouping of soils based on soil texture generally provided no improvement in the relationships of chemical soil tests with NMRN₁₁₂ and N _o . Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that combining acidic KMnO₄-N and PB_HYDR-N yielded the best prediction of soil N mineralization, explaining 86.1 and 85.5 % of the variation in NMRN₁₁₂ and N _o , respectively, of the 30 tested paddy soils.

Conclusions

The results of acidic KMnO₄-N and PB_HYDR-N as indicators for soil N mineralization were promising, and the operations of acidic KMnO₄ oxidation and PB buffer hydrolysis procedures are simple and cost-effective. Therefore, a combination of acidic KMnO₄-N and PB_HYDR-N shows promise in predicting N mineralization in paddy soils of the Dongting Lake region. However, further calibration through field studies is required and the chemical characteristics of acidic KMnO₄-N and PB_HYDR-N needs to be further clarified.

     

金沙江干热河谷区不同土地利用方式下的土壤特性分异特征

对金沙江干热河谷区相同背景条件下的合欢林地、玉米地、桑地、甘蔗地、花椒地、撂荒草地以及水桐树林地的土壤理化性状进行了研究.结果表明,该区域天然水桐树林破坏后改为其它土地利用方式后对土壤理化性质影响显著,表现为土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮含量显著降低,速效磷和容重没有显著变化,速效钾有一定程度升高;不同利用方式对其影响作用差异不同,但总体来说改造为合欢林和撂荒草地对土壤理化属性的影响相对较少.土壤综合属性指数随天然水桐树林改为其它利用方式后均呈现不同程度降低,其降幅由小到大依次为草地>合欢林地>甘蔗地>玉米地>花椒地>桑地,人为干扰越重对土壤质量的破坏作用越大,因此减少人为活动,增加该区域土壤物质归还量是改善土壤质量的重要措施之一.     

不同温度对浙贝母三种抗逆性酶的影响

浙贝母为百合科多年生的草本植物,具有很高的药用经济价值,而种植中冷害是其生长的一大危害.采用人工控温的方法,将培养于不同温度梯度下的浙贝母植株在常温下恢复一段时间后,测定其叶片中POD、CAT、SOD 3种抗逆性酶的活性.结果表明,浙贝母中3种抗逆性酶的活性因受到温度的影响产生了一定的变化,恢复7 d与14 d后所测得的3种抗逆性酶的活性也具有一定的变化,但基本符合温度骤变跨度越大、浙贝母恢复越差这一现象;也说明浙贝母自身在各种温度条件下具有一定的恢复性,但温度骤变对其生理代谢有危害.